--- title: About 12.5 million Africans were forced onto ships, and about 2 mill… — The Atlantic routes and the slave trade · tree and pragmatics description: About 12.5 million Africans were forced onto ships, and about 2 million died on the crossing, called the Middle Passage, chained below deck in crowded, filthy holds for weeks. Who acts: 2 million. A sentence of the lesson «The Atlantic routes and the slave trade» of the geography course of Mova's pr --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/30-the-atlantic-routes-and-the-slave-trade/4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [The Atlantic routes and the slave trade](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/30-the-atlantic-routes-and-the-slave-trade/) / 4 # The Atlantic routes and the slave trade, sentence 4 About 12.5 million Africans were forced onto ships, and about 2 million died on the crossing, called the Middle Passage, chained below deck in crowded, filthy holds for weeks. **Who acts:** 2 million · **What happens:** force, die, call, chain · **To what, where:** million Africans, ships, crossing, Middle Passage, deck · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «The Atlantic routes and the slave trade» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (2 million), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:030-the-atlantic-routes-and-the-slave-trade.lesson:4 # text = About 12.5 million Africans were forced onto ships, and about 2 million died on the crossing, called the Middle Passage, chained below deck in crowded, filthy holds for weeks. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 030-the-atlantic-routes-and-the-slave-trade.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1 1 About about ADV RB _ 3 advmod _ _ 2 12.5 12.5 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Frac 3 compound _ _ 3 million million NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 4 nummod _ _ 4 Africans african PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 6 nsubj:pass _ _ 5 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 aux:pass _ _ 6 forced force VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 7 onto onto ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 ships ship NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 obl _ _ 9 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 10 and and CCONJ CC _ 14 cc _ _ 11 about about ADV RB _ 13 advmod _ _ 12 2 2 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 13 compound _ _ 13 million million NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 14 nsubj _ _ 14 died die VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 conj _ _ 15 on on ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 16 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 17 crossing crossing NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 obl _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 19 called call VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 17 acl _ _ 20 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 22 det _ _ 21 Middle Middle PROPN NNP Number=Sing 22 compound _ _ 22 Passage passage PROPN NNP Number=Sing 19 xcomp _ _ 23 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 24 chained chain VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 22 acl _ _ 25 below below ADP IN _ 26 case _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=26:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 26 deck deck NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 obl _ _ 27 in in ADP IN _ 31 case _ _ 28 crowded crowded ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 amod _ _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ _ 30 filthy filthy ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 amod _ _ 31 holds hold NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 obl _ _ 32 for for ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 33 weeks week NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 nmod _ _ 34 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **force** | past · passive | | million Africans | | ships | | | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Recipient | | 2 | **die** | past | 2 million | | | the crossing | | | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | | 3 | **call** | participle | | the crossing *not said here* | | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **chain** | participle | | the Middle Passage *not said here* | | deck | | in crowded filthy holds for weeks | vn tape-22.4 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:030-the-atlantic-routes-and-the-slave-trade.lesson:4`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The Atlantic routes and the slave trade, 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/30-the-atlantic-routes-and-the-slave-trade/3/) - next →: [The Atlantic routes and the slave trade, 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/30-the-atlantic-routes-and-the-slave-trade/5/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/30-the-atlantic-routes-and-the-slave-trade/)