--- title: A border is a line that people agreed on, or fought over, to show wh… — Borders: why they are where they are · tree and pragmatics description: A border is a line that people agreed on, or fought over, to show where one country ends and the next begins; you cannot see it from space, and the ground on both sides is usually the same. Who acts: border, people, one country, next. A sentence of the lesson «Borders: why they are where they are» o --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/31-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are/0/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [Borders: why they are where they are](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/31-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are/) / 0 # Borders: why they are where they are, sentence 0 A border is a line that people agreed on, or fought over, to show where one country ends and the next begins; you cannot see it from space, and the ground on both sides is usually the same. **Who acts:** border, people, one country, next, you, ground · **What happens:** be, agree, fight over, show, end, begin · **To what, where:** line, country, space · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Borders: why they are where they are» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (border, people, one country, next), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:031-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are.lesson:0 # text = A border is a line that people agreed on, or fought over, to show where one country ends and the next begins; you cannot see it from space, and the ground on both sides is usually the same. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 031-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 border border NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _ 3 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _ 4 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 5 line line NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 6 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 8 obj _ _ 7 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 nsubj _ _ 8 agreed agree VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 acl:relcl _ _ 9 on on ADV RB _ 8 advmod _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 11 or or CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _ 12 fought fight VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 8 conj _ _ 13 over over ADV RB _ 12 advmod _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ _ 15 to to PART TO _ 16 mark _ _ 16 show show VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 12 xcomp _ _ 17 where where ADV WRB PronType=Rel 20 advmod _ _ 18 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 19 nummod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=20:nummod 19 country country NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 nsubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=20:compound 20 ends end VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 16 ccomp _ _ 21 and and CCONJ CC _ 24 cc _ _ 22 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 23 det _ _ 23 next next ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 24 nsubj _ _ 24 begins begin VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 20 conj _ _ 25 ; ; PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 26 you you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 29 nsubj _ _ 27 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 29 aux _ _ 28 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 29 advmod _ _ 29 see see VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 5 parataxis _ _ 30 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 29 obj _ _ 31 from from ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 32 space space NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 obl _ _ 33 , , PUNCT , _ 43 punct _ _ 34 and and CCONJ CC _ 43 cc _ _ 35 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 36 det _ _ 36 ground ground NOUN NN Number=Sing 43 nsubj _ _ 37 on on ADP IN _ 39 case _ _ 38 both both DET DT PronType=Tot 39 det _ _ 39 sides side NOUN NNS Number=Plur 36 nmod _ _ 40 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 43 cop _ _ 41 usually usually ADV RB _ 43 advmod _ _ 42 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 43 det _ _ 43 same same ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 conj _ _ 44 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | a border | a line | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **agree** *speech: agree* | past | people | a line | | | | | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent that=Topic | | 3 | **fight over** | past | people *not said here* | | | | | over *property* | tree rules | | 4 | **show** | to-infinitive | people *not said here* | | | | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 5 | **end** | present | one country | | | | | | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | | 6 | **begin** | present | the next | | | | | | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | | 7 | **not** **see** | can | you | country | | space | | | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus | | 8 | **is** | present | the ground on both sides | | | | | same, usually *property* | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:031-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are.lesson:0`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The Atlantic routes and the slave trade, 21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/30-the-atlantic-routes-and-the-slave-trade/21/) - next →: [Borders: why they are where they are, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/31-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are/1/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/31-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are/)