--- title: At the Berlin Conference of 1884 to 1885, European powers set rules… — Borders: why they are where they are · tree and pragmatics description: At the Berlin Conference of 1884 to 1885, European powers set rules for claiming African land, and no African rulers were invited. Who acts: European powers. A sentence of the lesson «Borders: why they are where they are» of the geography course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/31-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are/9/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [Borders: why they are where they are](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/31-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are/) / 9 # Borders: why they are where they are, sentence 9 At the Berlin Conference of 1884 to 1885, European powers set rules for claiming African land, and no African rulers were invited. **Who acts:** European powers · **What happens:** set, claim, invite · **To what, where:** rules, Berlin Conference, African land, African rulers This is a sentence of the lesson «Borders: why they are where they are» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (European powers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:031-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are.lesson:9 # text = At the Berlin Conference of 1884 to 1885, European powers set rules for claiming African land, and no African rulers were invited. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 031-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change 1 At at ADP IN _ 4 case _ _ 2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 3 Berlin Berlin PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 compound _ _ 4 Conference Conference PROPN NNP Number=Sing 12 obl _ _ 5 of of ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 1884 1884 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 4 nmod _ _ 7 to to ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 1885 1885 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 6 nmod _ _ 9 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 10 European European ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 11 amod _ _ 11 powers power NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 nsubj _ _ 12 set set VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 13 rules rule NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 obj _ _ 14 for for SCONJ IN _ 15 mark _ _ 15 claiming claim VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 11 acl _ _ 16 African African ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 amod _ _ 17 land land NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 obj _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 19 and and CCONJ CC _ 24 cc _ _ 20 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 22 det _ _ 21 African African ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 22 amod _ _ 22 rulers ruler NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 nsubj:pass _ _ 23 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 24 aux:pass _ _ 24 invited invite VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 12 conj _ _ 25 . . PUNCT . _ 12 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **set** | past | European powers | rules | | the Berlin Conference of 1884 to 1885 | | | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent rule=Theme at conference=Destination | | 2 | **claim** *speech: other* | gerund | European powers *not said here* | African land | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent land=Topic | | 3 | **invite** | past · passive | | no African rulers | | | | | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Recipient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:031-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are.lesson:9`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Borders: why they are where they are, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/31-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are/8/) - next →: [Borders: why they are where they are, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/31-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/31-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are/)