---
title: The Portuguese and Spanish used caravels, small fast ships with tria… — Castile, Portugal and the first sea empires · tree and pragmatics
description: The Portuguese and Spanish used caravels, small fast ships with triangular lateen sails that could sail closer to the wind. Who acts: Portuguese, triangular lateen sails. A sentence of the lesson «Castile, Portugal and the first sea empires» of the geography course of Mova's primary school with its 
---

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# Castile, Portugal and the first sea empires, sentence 8

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The Portuguese and Spanish used caravels, small fast ships with triangular lateen sails that could sail closer to the wind.

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**Who acts:** Portuguese, triangular lateen sails · **What happens:** use, sail · **To what, where:** caravels

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Castile, Portugal and the first sea empires» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Portuguese, triangular lateen sails), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:geography:033-castile-portugal-and-the-first-sea-empires.lesson:8
# text = The Portuguese and Spanish used caravels, small fast ships with triangular lateen sails that could sail closer to the wind.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = geography
# lesson = 033-castile-portugal-and-the-first-sea-empires.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Portuguese	portuguese	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	Spanish	Spanish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=2:conj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing
5	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	caravels	caravel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	fast	fast	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	ships	ship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	appos	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	triangular	triangular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	lateen	lateen	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	sails	sail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
15	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	17	nsubj	_	_
16	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	17	aux	_	_
17	sail	sail	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	acl:relcl	_	_
18	closer	close	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	17	advmod	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=17:xcomp|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJR:Degree=Cmp
19	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | the Portuguese | caravels |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent caravel=Patient |
| 2 | **sail** | could | triangular lateen sails |  |  |  |  | close *property* | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:033-castile-portugal-and-the-first-sea-empires.lesson:8`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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