--- title: In the 1800s and early 1900s European rule in Africa often meant tak… — The people who were already there: what colonisa… · tree and pragmatics description: In the 1800s and early 1900s European rule in Africa often meant taking land, forced labour and violent punishment of resistance; in King Leopold II's Congo Free State forced rubber collection caused millions of deaths. Who acts: European rule, State forced rubber collection. A sentence of the lesso --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/36-the-people-who-were-already-there/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [The people who were already there: wha…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/36-the-people-who-were-already-there/) / 16 # The people who were already there: what colonisation did, sentence 16 In the 1800s and early 1900s European rule in Africa often meant taking land, forced labour and violent punishment of resistance; in King Leopold II's Congo Free State forced rubber collection caused millions of deaths. **Who acts:** European rule, State forced rubber collection · **What happens:** mean, take, force, cause, punish · **To what, where:** 1800s, land, millions, II, resistance This is a sentence of the lesson «The people who were already there: what colonisation did» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (European rule, State forced rubber collection), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:036-the-people-who-were-already-there.lesson:16 # text = In the 1800s and early 1900s European rule in Africa often meant taking land, forced labour and violent punishment of resistance; in King Leopold II's Congo Free State forced rubber collection caused millions of deaths. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 036-the-people-who-were-already-there.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 In in ADP IN _ 3 case _ _ 2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 3 1800s 1800 NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 obl _ _ 4 and and CCONJ CC _ 6 cc _ _ 5 early early ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 amod _ _ 6 1900s 1900 NOUN NNS Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card 3 conj _ _ 7 European European ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _ 8 rule rule NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ _ 9 in in ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 8 nmod _ _ 11 often often ADV RB _ 12 advmod _ _ 12 meant mean VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 13 taking take VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 12 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=12:advcl 14 land land NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obj _ _ 15 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=16:punct 16 forced force VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 17 amod _ _ 17 labour labour NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obj _ _ 18 and and CCONJ CC _ 20 cc _ _ 19 violent violent ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 20 amod _ _ 20 punishment punishment NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 conj _ _ 21 of of ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 22 resistance resistance NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 nmod _ _ 23 ; ; PUNCT : _ 12 punct _ _ 24 in in ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 25 King King PROPN NNP Number=Sing 27 nmod:desc _ _ 26 Leopold Leopold PROPN NNP Number=Sing 25 flat _ _ 27 II II PROPN NNP Number=Sing 35 obl _ _ 28 's 's PART POS _ 27 case _ _ 29 Congo Congo PROPN NNP Number=Sing 27 flat _ _ 30 Free free ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 amod _ _ 31 State State PROPN NNP Number=Sing 34 compound _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=34:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 32 forced force VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 34 amod _ _ 33 rubber rubber NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 compound _ _ 34 collection collection NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 nsubj _ _ 35 caused cause VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 parataxis _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=12:parataxis|HaikuPos=VERB:VBN:Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 36 millions million NOUN NNS Number=Plur 35 obj _ _ 37 of of ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 38 deaths death NOUN NNS Number=Plur 36 nmod _ _ 39 . . PUNCT . _ 12 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **mean** | past | European rule in Africa | | | the 1800s and early 1900s | | often *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **take** *not said to happen* | gerund | European rule in Africa *not said here* | land | | | | | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument land=Theme labour=Destination | | 3 | **force** | participle | | | | | | | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **force** | participle | | | | | | | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **cause** | past | State forced rubber collection | millions of deaths | | II King | | | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition million=Patient | | 6 | **punish** | | | resistance | | | | | nom punishment «act transitive»: of=patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:036-the-people-who-were-already-there.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The people who were already there: wha…, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/36-the-people-who-were-already-there/15/) - next →: [The people who were already there: wha…, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/36-the-people-who-were-already-there/17/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/36-the-people-who-were-already-there/)