--- title: India broke away from Gondwana and raced north at up to about 15 cm… — Moving continents: from Pangaea to today · tree and pragmatics description: India broke away from Gondwana and raced north at up to about 15 cm a year (today it moves about 5 cm a year), hitting Asia about 50 million years ago and pushing up the Himalayas. Who acts: India, fit. A sentence of the lesson «Moving continents: from Pangaea to today» of the geography course of Mo --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/43-moving-continents-from-pangaea-to-today/12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [Moving continents: from Pangaea to today](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/43-moving-continents-from-pangaea-to-today/) / 12 # Moving continents: from Pangaea to today, sentence 12 India broke away from Gondwana and raced north at up to about 15 cm a year (today it moves about 5 cm a year), hitting Asia about 50 million years ago and pushing up the Himalayas. **Who acts:** India, fit · **What happens:** break away, race up, move about, hit, push up · **To what, where:** 15 cm, 5 cm, Asia, Himalayas This is a sentence of the lesson «Moving continents: from Pangaea to today» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (India, fit), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:043-moving-continents-from-pangaea-to-today.lesson:12 # text = India broke away from Gondwana and raced north at up to about 15 cm a year (today it moves about 5 cm a year), hitting Asia about 50 million years ago and pushing up the Himalayas. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 043-moving-continents-from-pangaea-to-today.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1 1 India India PROPN NNP Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _ 2 broke break VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 away away ADV RB _ 2 advmod _ _ 4 from from ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 Gondwana Gondwana PROPN NNP Number=Sing 2 obl _ _ 6 and and CCONJ CC _ 7 cc _ _ 7 raced race VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 2 conj _ _ 8 north north ADV RB _ 7 advmod _ _ 9 at at ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 up up ADP RP _ 7 compound:prt _ _ 11 to to ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 12 about about ADV RB _ 13 advmod _ _ 13 15 15 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 14 nummod _ _ 14 cm cm NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 obl _ _ 15 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 year year NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 nmod:unmarked _ _ 17 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 20 punct _ _ 18 today today NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obl:unmarked _ _ 19 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 nsubj _ _ 20 moves move VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:conj 21 about about ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ _ 22 5 5 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 23 nummod _ _ 23 cm cm NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 obj _ _ 24 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 year year NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 nmod:unmarked _ _ 26 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 20 punct _ _ 27 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ _ 28 hitting hit VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 2 conj _ _ 29 Asia Asia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 28 obj _ _ 30 about about ADV RB _ 32 advmod _ _ 31 50 50 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 32 compound _ _ 32 million million NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 33 nummod _ _ 33 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 34 obl:unmarked _ _ 34 ago ago ADV RB _ 28 advmod _ _ 35 and and CCONJ CC _ 36 cc _ _ 36 pushing push VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 28 conj _ _ 37 up up ADP RP _ 36 compound:prt _ _ 38 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 39 det _ _ 39 Himalayas Himalayas PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 36 obj _ _ 40 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **break away** | past | India | | | | | from Gondwana; away *property* | vn split-23.2 «NP V PP.co-patient»: agent=Patient from gondwana=Co-Patient | | 2 | **race up** | past | India *not said here* | | | 15 cm a year | | north *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme to cm=Destination | | 3 | **move about** | present | fit | 5 cm a year | | | today | | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V ADJ.result»: agent=Theme cm=Result | | 4 | **hit** | gerund | India *not said here* | Asia | | | | ago *property* | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme asia=Co-Theme | | 5 | **push up** | gerund | India *not said here* | the Himalayas | | | | | vn carry-11.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent himalayas=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:043-moving-continents-from-pangaea-to-today.lesson:12`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Moving continents: from Pangaea to today, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/43-moving-continents-from-pangaea-to-today/11/) - next →: [Moving continents: from Pangaea to today, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/43-moving-continents-from-pangaea-to-today/13/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/43-moving-continents-from-pangaea-to-today/)