--- title: Because each layer settles on top of the one before, in rock that ha… — Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks · tree and pragmatics description: Because each layer settles on top of the one before, in rock that has not been disturbed the lowest layers are the oldest, so a cliff face reads like a history book from the bottom up. Who acts: layer, lowest layers, cliff face. A sentence of the lesson «Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks» of the geo --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/49-sedimentary-and-metamorphic-rocks/1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/49-sedimentary-and-metamorphic-rocks/) / 1 # Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, sentence 1 Because each layer settles on top of the one before, in rock that has not been disturbed the lowest layers are the oldest, so a cliff face reads like a history book from the bottom up. **Who acts:** layer, lowest layers, cliff face · **What happens:** settle, not disturb, be, read · **To what, where:** rock, bottom This is a sentence of the lesson «Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (layer, lowest layers, cliff face), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:049-sedimentary-and-metamorphic-rocks.lesson:1 # text = Because each layer settles on top of the one before, in rock that has not been disturbed the lowest layers are the oldest, so a cliff face reads like a history book from the bottom up. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 049-sedimentary-and-metamorphic-rocks.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Because because SCONJ IN _ 4 mark _ _ 2 each each DET DT PronType=Tot 3 det _ _ 3 layer layer NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _ 4 settles settle VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 24 advcl _ _ 5 on on ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 top top NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:nmod 7 of of ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 9 one one NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _ 10 before before ADV RB _ 9 advmod _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 12 in in ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 13 rock rock NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 obl _ _ 14 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 18 nsubj:pass _ _ 15 has have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 18 aux _ _ 16 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 18 advmod _ _ 17 been be AUX VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 18 aux:pass _ _ 18 disturbed disturb VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 13 acl:relcl _ _ 19 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 20 lowest low ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 21 amod _ _ 21 layers layer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 nsubj _ _ 22 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 24 cop _ _ 23 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 24 det _ _ 24 oldest old ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 0 root _ _ 25 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 26 so so ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 27 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 28 cliff cliff NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 compound _ _ 29 face face NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 nsubj _ _ 30 reads read VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 24 parataxis _ _ 31 like like ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 32 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 34 det _ _ 33 history history NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 compound _ _ 34 book book NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 obl _ _ 35 from from ADP IN _ 37 case _ _ 36 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 37 det _ _ 37 bottom bottom NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 obl _ _ 38 up up ADV RB _ 37 advmod _ _ 39 . . PUNCT . _ 24 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=4:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **settle** | present | each layer | | | | | on top of the one | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V PP.theme S»: agent=Agent on top=Topic | | 2 | **not** **disturb** | present · perfect · passive | | rock | | | | | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer | | 3 | **is** | present | the lowest layers | | | rock | | old *property* | tree rules | | 4 | **read** | present | a cliff face | | | the bottom | | like a history book | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.source»: agent=Agent from bottom=Source | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:049-sedimentary-and-metamorphic-rocks.lesson:1`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Igneous rocks and the rock cycle, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/48-igneous-rocks-and-the-rock-cycle/16/) - next →: [Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/49-sedimentary-and-metamorphic-rocks/3/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/49-sedimentary-and-metamorphic-rocks/)