--- title: Waterfalls form where a river flows over hard rock lying on top of s… — Rivers shaping the land · tree and pragmatics description: Waterfalls form where a river flows over hard rock lying on top of softer rock, and as the soft rock wears away the waterfall slowly moves back upstream. Who acts: Waterfalls, river, hard rock, soft rock. A sentence of the lesson «Rivers shaping the land» of the geography course of Mova's primary sc --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/53-rivers-shaping-the-land/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [Rivers shaping the land](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/53-rivers-shaping-the-land/) / 10 # Rivers shaping the land, sentence 10 Waterfalls form where a river flows over hard rock lying on top of softer rock, and as the soft rock wears away the waterfall slowly moves back upstream. **Who acts:** Waterfalls, river, hard rock, soft rock, waterfall · **What happens:** form, flow, lie, wear away, move back · **To what, where:** hard rock, top This is a sentence of the lesson «Rivers shaping the land» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Waterfalls, river, hard rock, soft rock), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:053-rivers-shaping-the-land.lesson:10 # text = Waterfalls form where a river flows over hard rock lying on top of softer rock, and as the soft rock wears away the waterfall slowly moves back upstream. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 053-rivers-shaping-the-land.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Waterfalls waterfall NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 form form VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 where where ADV WRB PronType=Rel 6 advmod _ _ 4 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 5 river river NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _ 6 flows flow VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 advcl _ _ 7 over over ADV RB _ 8 advmod _ _ 8 hard hard ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod _ _ 9 rock rock NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=6:obj 10 lying lie VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 9 acl _ _ 11 on on ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 12 top top NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obl _ _ 13 of of ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 14 softer soft ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 15 amod _ _ 15 rock rock NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nmod _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ _ 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ _ 18 as as SCONJ IN _ 22 mark _ _ 19 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 20 soft soft ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ _ 21 rock rock NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 nsubj _ _ 22 wears wear VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 27 advcl _ _ 23 away away ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 waterfall waterfall NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 nsubj _ _ 26 slowly slowly ADV RB _ 27 advmod _ _ 27 moves move VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 conj _ _ 28 back back ADV RB _ 27 advmod _ _ 29 upstream upstream ADV RB Degree=Pos 27 advmod _ _ 30 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **form** | present | Waterfalls | | | | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 2 | **flow** | present | a river | hard rock | | | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **lie** | gerund | hard rock *not said here* | | | top of softer rock | | | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on top=Location | | 4 | **wear away** | present | the soft rock | | | | | away *property* | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **move back** | present | the waterfall | | | | | slowly, upstream *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:053-rivers-shaping-the-land.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Rivers shaping the land, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/53-rivers-shaping-the-land/9/) - next →: [Rivers shaping the land, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/53-rivers-shaping-the-land/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/53-rivers-shaping-the-land/)