--- title: From about 1300 to 1850 Europe had a cooler period called the Little… — Glaciers and ice ages · tree and pragmatics description: From about 1300 to 1850 Europe had a cooler period called the Little Ice Age, with glaciers advancing in the Alps and the Thames in London sometimes freezing hard enough for fairs on the ice. Who acts: Europe, glaciers. A sentence of the lesson «Glaciers and ice ages» of the geography course of Mova --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/54-glaciers-and-ice-ages/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [Glaciers and ice ages](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/54-glaciers-and-ice-ages/) / 16 # Glaciers and ice ages, sentence 16 From about 1300 to 1850 Europe had a cooler period called the Little Ice Age, with glaciers advancing in the Alps and the Thames in London sometimes freezing hard enough for fairs on the ice. **Who acts:** Europe, glaciers · **What happens:** have, call, advance, freeze · **To what, where:** cooler period, 1300, Alps · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Glaciers and ice ages» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Europe, glaciers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:054-glaciers-and-ice-ages.lesson:16 # text = From about 1300 to 1850 Europe had a cooler period called the Little Ice Age, with glaciers advancing in the Alps and the Thames in London sometimes freezing hard enough for fairs on the ice. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 054-glaciers-and-ice-ages.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 From from ADP IN _ 3 case _ _ 2 about about ADV RB _ 3 advmod _ _ 3 1300 1300 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 7 obl _ _ 4 to to ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 1850 1850 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 3 nmod _ _ 6 Europe Europe PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _ 7 had have VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 8 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 9 cooler cooler ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 10 amod _ _ 10 period period NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obj _ _ 11 called call VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 10 acl _ _ 12 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 15 det _ _ 13 Little Little ADJ NNP Degree=Pos 14 amod _ _ 14 Ice Ice PROPN NNP Number=Sing 15 compound _ _ 15 Age age PROPN NNP Number=Sing 11 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=11:obj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 16 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 17 with with SCONJ IN _ 19 mark _ _ 18 glaciers glacier NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 nsubj _ _ 19 advancing advance VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 11 advcl _ _ 20 in in ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 21 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 22 det _ _ 22 Alps alp PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 19 obl _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=19:obl|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 25 cc _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 Thames Thames PROPN NNP Number=Sing 22 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=19:conj 26 in in ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 27 London London PROPN NNP Number=Sing 25 nmod _ _ 28 sometimes sometimes ADV RB PronType=Ind 29 advmod _ _ 29 freezing freeze VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 19 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=19:conj 30 hard hard ADV RB Degree=Pos 29 advmod _ _ 31 enough enough ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 32 for for ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 33 fairs fair NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 obl _ _ 34 on on ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 35 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 36 det _ _ 36 ice ice NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 nmod _ _ 37 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | past | Europe | a cooler period | | 1300 to 1850 | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent period=Patient | | 2 | **call** | participle | | a cooler period *not said here* | | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **advance** | gerund | glaciers | | | the Alps and the Thames in London | | | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient | | 4 | **freeze** | gerund | glaciers *not said here* | | | | | for fairs on the ice; hard, sometimes *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:054-glaciers-and-ice-ages.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Glaciers and ice ages, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/54-glaciers-and-ice-ages/15/) - next →: [Glaciers and ice ages, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/54-glaciers-and-ice-ages/17/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/54-glaciers-and-ice-ages/)