---
title: Today almost all mountain glaciers are shrinking fast because of hum… — Glaciers and ice ages · tree and pragmatics
description: Today almost all mountain glaciers are shrinking fast because of human-caused global warming. Who acts: mountain glaciers. A sentence of the lesson «Glaciers and ice ages» of the geography course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Glaciers and ice ages, sentence 18

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Today almost all mountain glaciers are shrinking fast because of human-caused global warming.

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**Who acts:** mountain glaciers · **What happens:** shrink, cause

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Glaciers and ice ages» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (mountain glaciers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:geography:054-glaciers-and-ice-ages.lesson:18
# text = Today almost all mountain glaciers are shrinking fast because of human-caused global warming.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = geography
# lesson = 054-glaciers-and-ice-ages.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1
1	Today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl:unmarked	_	_
2	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=7:advmod
3	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
4	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	glaciers	glacier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	shrinking	shrink	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	7	advmod	_	_
9	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	15	case	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=15:case|HaikuPos=SCONJ:IN:_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	fixed	_	_
11	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	compound	_	_
12	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	11	punct	_	_
13	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	amod	_	_
14	global	global	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	warming	warming	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shrink** | present · progressive | all mountain glaciers |  |  |  | today | because caused global warming; fast *property* | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **cause** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:054-glaciers-and-ice-ages.lesson:18`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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