---
title: Stalactites hang from cave roofs and stalagmites grow up from the fl… — Coasts and caves · tree and pragmatics
description: Stalactites hang from cave roofs and stalagmites grow up from the floor, built from dripping water. Who acts: Stalactites, stalagmites. A sentence of the lesson «Coasts and caves» of the geography course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Coasts and caves, sentence 14

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stalactites hang from cave roofs and stalagmites grow up from the floor, built from dripping water.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Stalactites, stalagmites · **What happens:** hang, grow up, build, drip · **To what, where:** cave roofs, dripping water

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Coasts and caves» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Stalactites, stalagmites), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:geography:055-coasts-and-caves.lesson:14
# text = Stalactites hang from cave roofs and stalagmites grow up from the floor, built from dripping water.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = geography
# lesson = 055-coasts-and-caves.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1
1	Stalactites	stalactite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	hang	hang	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	roofs	roof	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	stalagmites	stalagmite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	up	up	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	advcl	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=2:advcl
15	from	from	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	dripping	drip	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	17	amod	_	_
17	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hang** | present | Stalactites |  |  | cave roofs |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **grow up** | present | stalagmites |  |  |  |  | from the floor | vn grow-26.2.1 «NP.product V PP.patient»: agent=Product from floor=Patient |
| 3 | **build** | participle | stalagmites *not said here* |  |  | dripping water |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from water=Material |
| 4 | **drip** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Source |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:055-coasts-and-caves.lesson:14`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- ← previous: [Coasts and caves, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/55-coasts-and-caves/13/)
- next →: [Coasts and caves, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/55-coasts-and-caves/15/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/55-coasts-and-caves/)