---
title: Soil has layers called horizons: dark topsoil, paler subsoil below,… — Soil · tree and pragmatics
description: Soil has layers called horizons: dark topsoil, paler subsoil below, and broken rock above the bedrock. Who acts: Soil, layers. A sentence of the lesson «Soil» of the geography course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Soil, sentence 9

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Soil has layers called horizons: dark topsoil, paler subsoil below, and broken rock above the bedrock.

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**Who acts:** Soil, layers · **What happens:** have, call, break · **To what, where:** layers, horizons · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Soil» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Soil, layers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:geography:056-soil.lesson:9
# text = Soil has layers called horizons: dark topsoil, paler subsoil below, and broken rock above the bedrock.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = geography
# lesson = 056-soil.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1
1	Soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	layers	layer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	horizons	horizon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	xcomp	_	_
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
7	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	topsoil	topsoil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=2:conj
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	paler	pale	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	11	amod	_	_
11	subsoil	subsoil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
12	below	below	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	amod	_	_
16	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
17	above	above	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	bedrock	bedrock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Soil | layers |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent layer=Patient |
| 2 | **call** | participle | layers *not said here* | horizons |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:056-soil.lesson:9`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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