---
title: European colonisers forced Indigenous people to mine silver in Peru… — Metals, mining and what they cost · tree and pragmatics
description: European colonisers forced Indigenous people to mine silver in Peru and Bolivia, and enslaved Africans to dig gold in Brazil. Who acts: European colonisers, Indigenous people. A sentence of the lesson «Metals, mining and what they cost» of the geography course of Mova's primary school with its depen
---

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# Metals, mining and what they cost, sentence 16

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European colonisers forced Indigenous people to mine silver in Peru and Bolivia, and enslaved Africans to dig gold in Brazil.

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**Who acts:** European colonisers, Indigenous people · **What happens:** force, mine, enslave, dig · **To what, where:** Indigenous people, silver, Peru, Africans, gold, Brazil

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Metals, mining and what they cost» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (European colonisers, Indigenous people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:geography:060-metals-mining-and-what-they-cost.lesson:16
# text = European colonisers forced Indigenous people to mine silver in Peru and Bolivia, and enslaved Africans to dig gold in Brazil.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = geography
# lesson = 060-metals-mining-and-what-they-cost.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1
1	European	European	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	colonisers	coloniser	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	forced	force	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Indigenous	indigenous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	mine	mine	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
8	silver	silver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Peru	Peru	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	Bolivia	Bolivia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	enslaved	enslave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
16	Africans	African	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	dig	dig	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	xcomp	_	_
19	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	Brazil	Brazil	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=15:punct
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **force** | past | European colonisers | Indigenous people |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent people=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **mine** | to-infinitive | Indigenous people *not said here* | silver |  | Peru and Bolivia |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent silver=Theme in peru=Location |
| 3 | **enslave** | past | European colonisers *not said here* | Africans |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **dig** | to-infinitive | European colonisers *not said here* | gold |  | Brazil |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent gold=Theme in brazil=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:060-metals-mining-and-what-they-cost.lesson:16`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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