--- title: Mining has a human cost too: Indigenous people were forced to dig si… — Metals, mining and what they cost · tree and pragmatics description: Mining has a human cost too: Indigenous people were forced to dig silver in Peru and Bolivia, enslaved Africans dug gold in Brazil, and today children have been found working in some small cobalt mines in the Congo. Who acts: Mining, Indigenous people, enslaved Africans, today children. A sentence o --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/60-metals-mining-and-what-they-cost/6/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [Metals, mining and what they cost](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/60-metals-mining-and-what-they-cost/) / 6 # Metals, mining and what they cost, sentence 6 Mining has a human cost too: Indigenous people were forced to dig silver in Peru and Bolivia, enslaved Africans dug gold in Brazil, and today children have been found working in some small cobalt mines in the Congo. **Who acts:** Mining, Indigenous people, enslaved Africans, today children · **What happens:** have, force, dig, enslave, find, work · **To what, where:** human cost, Indigenous people, silver, Peru, gold, Brazil This is a sentence of the lesson «Metals, mining and what they cost» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mining, Indigenous people, enslaved Africans, today children), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:060-metals-mining-and-what-they-cost.lesson:6 # text = Mining has a human cost too: Indigenous people were forced to dig silver in Peru and Bolivia, enslaved Africans dug gold in Brazil, and today children have been found working in some small cobalt mines in the Congo. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 060-metals-mining-and-what-they-cost.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Mining mining NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _ 2 has have VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 4 human human ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 amod _ _ 5 cost cost NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obj _ _ 6 too too ADV RB _ 2 advmod _ _ 7 : : PUNCT : _ 11 punct _ _ 8 Indigenous Indigenous ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod _ _ 9 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nsubj:pass _ _ 10 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 11 aux:pass _ _ 11 forced force VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 2 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:conj 12 to to PART TO _ 13 mark _ _ 13 dig dig VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 11 xcomp _ _ 14 silver silver NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obj _ _ 15 in in ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 16 Peru Peru PROPN NNP Number=Sing 13 obl _ _ 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ _ 18 Bolivia Bolivia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 16 conj _ _ 19 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=20:punct 20 enslaved enslave VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 21 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=21:acl 21 Africans African PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 22 nsubj _ _ 22 dug dig VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 11 conj _ _ 23 gold gold NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 obj _ _ 24 in in ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 25 Brazil Brazil PROPN NNP Number=Sing 22 obl _ _ 26 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 27 and and CCONJ CC _ 32 cc _ _ 28 today today NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 compound _ _ 29 children child NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 nsubj:pass _ _ 30 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 32 aux _ _ 31 been be AUX VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 32 aux:pass _ _ 32 found find VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 11 conj _ _ 33 working work VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 32 xcomp _ _ 34 in in ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 35 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 38 det _ _ 36 small small ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 38 amod _ _ 37 cobalt cobalt NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 compound _ _ 38 mines mine NOUN NNS Number=Plur 33 obl _ _ 39 in in ADP IN _ 41 case _ _ 40 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 41 det _ _ 41 Congo Congo PROPN NNP Number=Sing 38 nmod _ _ 42 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | Mining | a human cost | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cost=Patient | | 2 | **force** | past · passive | | Indigenous people | | | | | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic | | 3 | **dig** | to-infinitive | Indigenous people *not said here* | silver | | Peru and Bolivia | | | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent silver=Theme in peru=Location | | 4 | **enslave** | participle | | | | | | | vn subjugate-42.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **dig** | past | enslaved Africans | gold | | Brazil | | | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent gold=Theme in brazil=Location | | 6 | **find** | present · perfect · passive | | today children | | | | | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme | | 7 | **work** | gerund | today children *not said here* | | | | | in some small cobalt mines in the Congo | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in mine=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:060-metals-mining-and-what-they-cost.lesson:6`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Metals, mining and what they cost, 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/60-metals-mining-and-what-they-cost/5/) - next →: [Metals, mining and what they cost, 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/60-metals-mining-and-what-they-cost/7/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/60-metals-mining-and-what-they-cost/)