--- title: Portugal's capital is Lisbon, and Portugal's land border with Spain… — Europe: countries and capitals · tree and pragmatics description: Portugal's capital is Lisbon, and Portugal's land border with Spain has stayed almost unchanged since a treaty in 1297, among the oldest in Europe; its only land neighbour was the bigger kingdom of Castile, so Portugal grew by sea. Who acts: capital, land border, only land neighbour, Portugal. A sen --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/7-europe-countries-and-capitals/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [Europe: countries and capitals](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/7-europe-countries-and-capitals/) / 16 # Europe: countries and capitals, sentence 16 Portugal's capital is Lisbon, and Portugal's land border with Spain has stayed almost unchanged since a treaty in 1297, among the oldest in Europe; its only land neighbour was the bigger kingdom of Castile, so Portugal grew by sea. **Who acts:** capital, land border, only land neighbour, Portugal · **What happens:** be, stay, grow · **To what, where:** Lisbon, oldest, bigger kingdom This is a sentence of the lesson «Europe: countries and capitals» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (capital, land border, only land neighbour, Portugal), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:007-europe-countries-and-capitals.lesson:16 # text = Portugal's capital is Lisbon, and Portugal's land border with Spain has stayed almost unchanged since a treaty in 1297, among the oldest in Europe; its only land neighbour was the bigger kingdom of Castile, so Portugal grew by sea. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 007-europe-countries-and-capitals.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Portugal Portugal PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 nmod:poss _ _ 2 's 's PART POS _ 1 case _ _ 3 capital capital NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _ 4 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _ 5 Lisbon Lisbon PROPN NNP Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 6 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=11:punct 7 and and CCONJ CC _ 11 cc _ _ 8 Portugal Portugal PROPN NNP Number=Sing 11 nmod:poss _ _ 9 's 's PART POS _ 8 case _ _ 10 land land NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 compound _ _ 11 border border NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 nsubj _ _ 12 with with ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 13 Spain Spain PROPN NNP Number=Sing 11 nmod _ _ 14 has have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 aux _ _ 15 stayed stay VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 5 conj _ _ 16 almost almost ADV RB _ 17 advmod _ _ 17 unchanged unchanged ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 15 xcomp _ _ 18 since since ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 19 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 20 treaty treaty NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 obl _ _ 21 in in ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 22 1297 1297 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 20 nmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=15:obl 23 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 24 among among ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 25 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 26 oldest old ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 15 obl _ _ 27 in in ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 28 Europe Europe PROPN NNP Number=Sing 26 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=26:nmod 29 ; ; PUNCT , _ 37 punct _ _ 30 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 33 nmod:poss _ _ 31 only only ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 33 amod _ _ 32 land land NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 compound _ _ 33 neighbour neighbour NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 nsubj _ _ 34 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 37 cop _ _ 35 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 37 det _ _ 36 bigger big ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 37 amod _ _ 37 kingdom kingdom NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 parataxis _ _ 38 of of ADP IN _ 39 case _ _ 39 Castile Castile PROPN NNP Number=Sing 37 nmod _ _ 40 , , PUNCT , _ 43 punct _ _ 41 so so ADV RB _ 43 advmod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=43:mark|HaikuPos=SCONJ:IN:_ 42 Portugal Portugal PROPN NNP Number=Sing 43 nsubj _ _ 43 grew grow VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 15 conj _ _ 44 by by ADP IN _ 45 case _ _ 45 sea sea NOUN NN Number=Sing 43 obl _ _ 46 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=15:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | Portugal's capital | Lisbon | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **stay** | present · perfect | Portugal's land border with Spain | | | the oldest | since a treaty in 1297 | unchanged *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme among old=Location | | 3 | **is a** | past | border's only land neighbour | the bigger kingdom | | | | of Castile | tree rules | | 4 | **grow** | past | Portugal | | | | | by sea | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by sea=Location | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:007-europe-countries-and-capitals.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Europe: countries and capitals, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/7-europe-countries-and-capitals/15/) - next →: [Europe: countries and capitals, 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/7-europe-countries-and-capitals/18/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/7-europe-countries-and-capitals/)