--- title: Since a presidential order in 2025, English has been the official la… — The United States · tree and pragmatics description: Since a presidential order in 2025, English has been the official language of the United States, after more than 200 years with none, because English was used everywhere anyway while many other languages were spoken too, though no law of Congress makes it so, and many states set their own rules. Who --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/9-the-united-states/15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [The United States](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/9-the-united-states/) / 15 # The United States, sentence 15 Since a presidential order in 2025, English has been the official language of the United States, after more than 200 years with none, because English was used everywhere anyway while many other languages were spoken too, though no law of Congress makes it so, and many states set their own rules. **Who acts:** English, law, many states, States · **What happens:** be, use, speak, make, set, rule · **To what, where:** official language, English, many other languages, language, own rules · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «The United States» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (English, law, many states, States), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:009-the-united-states.lesson:15 # text = Since a presidential order in 2025, English has been the official language of the United States, after more than 200 years with none, because English was used everywhere anyway while many other languages were spoken too, though no law of Congress makes it so, and many states set their own rules. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 009-the-united-states.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3 1 Since since ADP IN _ 4 case _ _ 2 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 3 presidential presidential ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _ 4 order order NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obl _ _ 5 in in ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 2025 2025 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 4 nmod _ _ 7 , , PUNCT , _ 4 punct _ _ 8 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 13 nsubj _ _ 9 has have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 aux _ _ 10 been be AUX VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 13 cop _ _ 11 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 13 det _ _ 12 official official ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 13 language language NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 14 of of ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 16 United United PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 compound _ _ 17 States State PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 13 nmod _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 19 after after ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 20 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp|ExtPos=ADV 22 advmod _ _ 21 than than ADP IN _ 20 fixed _ _ 22 200 200 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 23 nummod _ _ 23 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 nmod _ _ 24 with with ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 25 none none PRON NN PronType=Neg 23 nmod _ _ 26 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 27 because because SCONJ IN _ 30 mark _ _ 28 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 30 nsubj _ _ 29 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 30 aux:pass _ _ 30 used use VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 13 advcl _ _ 31 everywhere everywhere ADV RB PronType=Tot 30 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=32:advmod 32 anyway anyway ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 33 while while SCONJ IN _ 38 mark _ _ 34 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 36 amod _ _ 35 other other ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 36 amod _ _ 36 languages language NOUN NNS Number=Plur 38 nsubj:pass _ _ 37 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 38 aux:pass _ _ 38 spoken speak VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 30 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=30:parataxis 39 too too ADV RB _ 38 advmod _ _ 40 , , PUNCT , _ 46 punct _ _ 41 though though SCONJ IN _ 46 mark _ _ 42 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 43 det _ _ 43 law law NOUN NN Number=Sing 46 nsubj _ _ 44 of of ADP IN _ 45 case _ _ 45 Congress Congress PROPN NNP Number=Sing 43 nmod _ _ 46 makes make VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 38 conj _ _ 47 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 46 obj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=46:expl 48 so so ADV RB _ 46 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=46:advmod 49 , , PUNCT , _ 53 punct _ _ 50 and and CCONJ CC _ 53 cc _ _ 51 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 52 amod _ _ 52 states state NOUN NNS Number=Plur 53 nsubj _ _ 53 set set VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 46 conj _ _ 54 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 56 nmod:poss _ _ 55 own own ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 56 amod _ _ 56 rules rule NOUN NNS Number=Plur 53 obj _ _ 57 . . PUNCT . _ 13 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present · perfect | English | the official language | | | since a presidential order in 2025 | of the United States after 200 years with none | tree rules | | 2 | **use** | past · passive | | English | | | | anyway, everywhere *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | | 3 | **speak** *speech: other* | past · passive | | many other languages | | | | | tree rules | | 4 | **make** | present | no law of Congress | language | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product | | 5 | **set** | present | many states | States's own rules | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient rule=Result | | 6 | **rule** | | States *= state* | | | | | | nom rule «cognition intransitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:009-the-united-states.lesson:15`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The United States, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/9-the-united-states/13/) - next →: [The United States, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/9-the-united-states/16/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/9-the-united-states/)