--- title: Millions of Native Americans lived in North America before Europeans… — The United States · tree and pragmatics description: Millions of Native Americans lived in North America before Europeans came, and diseases such as smallpox (new to them, so their bodies had no defences), wars and forced removals such as the Trail of Tears in the 1830s took their lands and many lives. Who acts: Millions, Europeans, bodies, diseases. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/9-the-united-states/8/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [The United States](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/9-the-united-states/) / 8 # The United States, sentence 8 Millions of Native Americans lived in North America before Europeans came, and diseases such as smallpox (new to them, so their bodies had no defences), wars and forced removals such as the Trail of Tears in the 1830s took their lands and many lives. **Who acts:** Millions, Europeans, bodies, diseases · **What happens:** live, come, have, force, take · **To what, where:** North America, defences, lands This is a sentence of the lesson «The United States» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Millions, Europeans, bodies, diseases), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:009-the-united-states.lesson:8 # text = Millions of Native Americans lived in North America before Europeans came, and diseases such as smallpox (new to them, so their bodies had no defences), wars and forced removals such as the Trail of Tears in the 1830s took their lands and many lives. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 009-the-united-states.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 Millions million NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _ 2 of of ADP IN _ 4 case _ _ 3 Native native ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _ 4 Americans American PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 1 nmod _ _ 5 lived live VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 6 in in ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 7 North North PROPN NNP Number=Sing 8 compound _ _ 8 America America PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 obl _ _ 9 before before SCONJ IN _ 11 mark _ _ 10 Europeans European PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 11 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=11:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 11 came come VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 advcl _ _ 12 , , PUNCT , _ 44 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=14:punct 13 and and CCONJ CC _ 14 cc _ _ 14 diseases disease NOUN NNS Number=Plur 44 nsubj _ _ 15 such such ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP 17 case _ _ 16 as as ADP IN _ 15 fixed _ _ 17 smallpox smallpox NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 nmod _ _ 18 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 19 punct _ _ 19 new new ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 acl _ _ 20 to to ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 21 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 obl _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 23 so so ADV RB _ 26 advmod _ _ 24 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 25 nmod:poss _ _ 25 bodies body NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 nsubj _ _ 26 had have VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 19 advcl _ _ 27 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 28 det _ _ 28 defences defence NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 obj _ _ 29 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 19 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=26:punct 30 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 31 wars war NOUN NNS Number=Plur 14 conj _ _ 32 and and CCONJ CC _ 34 cc _ _ 33 forced force VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 34 amod _ _ 34 removals removal NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 conj _ _ 35 such such ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|ExtPos=SCONJ 38 case _ _ 36 as as ADP IN _ 35 fixed _ _ 37 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 38 det _ _ 38 Trail trail PROPN NNP Number=Sing 34 nmod _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=34:nmod|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 39 of of ADP IN _ 40 case _ _ 40 Tears tear NOUN NNS Number=Plur 38 nmod _ _ 41 in in ADP IN _ 43 case _ _ 42 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 43 det _ _ 43 1830s 1830 NOUN NNS Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card 38 nmod _ _ 44 took take VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _ 45 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 46 nmod:poss _ _ 46 lands land NOUN NNS Number=Plur 44 obj _ _ 47 and and CCONJ CC _ 49 cc _ _ 48 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 49 amod _ _ 49 lives life NOUN NNS Number=Plur 46 conj _ _ 50 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **live** | past | Millions of Native Americans | | | North America | | | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in america=Location | | 2 | **come** | past | Europeans | | | | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **have** | past | Europeans's bodies | no defences | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent defence=Patient | | 4 | **force** | participle | | | | | | | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **take** | past | diseases such smallpox and wars and forced removals such the Trail of Tears in the 1830s | Europeans's lands and many lives | | | | | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent land=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:009-the-united-states.lesson:8`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The United States, 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/9-the-united-states/7/) - next →: [The United States, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/9-the-united-states/9/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/9-the-united-states/)