--- title: Hannibal of Carthage, in North Africa, marched an army with war elep… — Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic · tree and pragmatics description: Hannibal of Carthage, in North Africa, marched an army with war elephants over the Alps into Italy and beat the Romans many times, but Rome did not give up and in the end defeated Carthage. Who acts: Hannibal, Rome. A sentence of the lesson «Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic» of the his --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/13-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [Rome: from a town on seven hills to a…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/13-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic/) / 16 # Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic, sentence 16 Hannibal of Carthage, in North Africa, marched an army with war elephants over the Alps into Italy and beat the Romans many times, but Rome did not give up and in the end defeated Carthage. **Who acts:** Hannibal, Rome · **What happens:** march, beat, not give up, defeat · **To what, where:** army, Alps, Romans, Carthage, end This is a sentence of the lesson «Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hannibal, Rome), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:013-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic.lesson:16 # text = Hannibal of Carthage, in North Africa, marched an army with war elephants over the Alps into Italy and beat the Romans many times, but Rome did not give up and in the end defeated Carthage. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 013-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 Hannibal Hannibal PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ _ 2 of of ADP IN _ 3 case _ _ 3 Carthage Carthage PROPN NNP Number=Sing 1 nmod _ _ 4 , , PUNCT , _ 7 punct _ _ 5 in in ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 6 North North PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 compound _ _ 7 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 1 conj _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 9 punct _ _ 9 marched march VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 10 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 11 det _ _ 11 army army NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 obj _ _ 12 with with ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 13 war war NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 compound _ _ 14 elephants elephant NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 obl _ _ 15 over over ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 16 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 17 Alps Alps PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 9 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=14:nmod|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 18 into into ADP IN _ 19 case _ _ 19 Italy Italy PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 obl _ _ 20 and and CCONJ CC _ 21 cc _ _ 21 beat beat VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 22 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 23 det _ _ 23 Romans Roman PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 21 obj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=21:obj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 24 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 25 amod _ _ 25 times time NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 obl:unmarked _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=23:obl:unmarked 26 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 27 but but CCONJ CC _ 31 cc _ _ 28 Rome Rome PROPN NNP Number=Sing 31 nsubj _ _ 29 did do AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 31 aux _ _ 30 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 31 advmod _ _ 31 give give VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 9 conj _ _ 32 up up ADP RP _ 31 compound:prt _ _ 33 and and CCONJ CC _ 37 cc _ _ 34 in in ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 35 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 36 det _ _ 36 end end NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 obl _ _ 37 defeated defeat VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 31 conj _ _ 38 Carthage Carthage PROPN NNP Number=Sing 37 obj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=37:obj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 39 . . PUNCT . _ 9 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **march** | past | Hannibal of Carthage and North Africa | a army | | the Alps | | with war elephants; into Italy *result* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent army=Theme into italy=Result | | 2 | **beat** | past | Hannibal of Carthage and North Africa *not said here* | the Romans | | | time | | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location roman=Theme | | 3 | **not** **give up** | past · do-support | Rome | | | | | | vn resign-10.11-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **defeat** | past | Rome *not said here* | Carthage | | | in the end | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:013-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Rome: from a town on seven hills to a…, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/13-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic/15/) - next →: [Rome: from a town on seven hills to a…, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/13-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic/17/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/13-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic/)