---
title: Rome fought Hannibal of Carthage, who crossed the Alps with elephant… — Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic · tree and pragmatics
description: Rome fought Hannibal of Carthage, who crossed the Alps with elephants, and won. Who acts: Rome, Hannibal. A sentence of the lesson «Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic» of the history course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic, sentence 7

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Rome fought Hannibal of Carthage, who crossed the Alps with elephants, and won.

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**Who acts:** Rome, Hannibal · **What happens:** fight, cross, win · **To what, where:** Hannibal, Alps

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Rome, Hannibal), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:013-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic.lesson:7
# text = Rome fought Hannibal of Carthage, who crossed the Alps with elephants, and won.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 013-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1
1	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	fought	fight	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Hannibal	Hannibal	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Carthage	Carthage	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	crossed	cross	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Alps	alp	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=8:obj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	elephants	elephant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	won	win	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fight** | past | Rome | Hannibal of Carthage |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hannibal=Co-Agent |
| 2 | **cross** | past | Hannibal of Carthage | the Alps |  |  |  | with elephants | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent alp=Patient |
| 3 | **win** | past | Rome *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:013-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic.lesson:7`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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