---
title: Meanwhile, monks in the West copied old books by hand and kept learn… — Rome: the fall of the West and what Rome left us · tree and pragmatics
description: Meanwhile, monks in the West copied old books by hand and kept learning alive. Who acts: monks. A sentence of the lesson «Rome: the fall of the West and what Rome left us» of the history course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Rome: the fall of the West and what Rome left us, sentence 7

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Meanwhile, monks in the West copied old books by hand and kept learning alive.

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**Who acts:** monks · **What happens:** copy, keep, learn · **To what, where:** old books

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Rome: the fall of the West and what Rome left us» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (monks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:016-rome-the-fall-of-the-west-and-what-rome-left-us.lesson:7
# text = Meanwhile, monks in the West copied old books by hand and kept learning alive.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 016-rome-the-fall-of-the-west-and-what-rome-left-us.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Meanwhile	meanwhile	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	monks	monk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	West	West	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	copied	copy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
14	learning	learn	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	xcomp	_	_
15	alive	alive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	xcomp	_	_
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **copy** | past | monks in the West | old books |  |  |  | by hand; meanwhile *property* | vn transcribe-25.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent book=Theme by hand=Destination |
| 2 | **keep** | past | monks in the West *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **learn** | gerund | monks in the West *not said here* |  |  |  |  | alive *property* | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:016-rome-the-fall-of-the-west-and-what-rome-left-us.lesson:7`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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