---
title: Potatoes first came from the Andes and were later taken to Europe; t… — The Aztecs and the Inca · tree and pragmatics
description: Potatoes first came from the Andes and were later taken to Europe; the Andes peoples grew thousands of kinds of potatoes, freeze-dried them in the mountain cold, and kept llamas and alpacas for wool and carrying loads; the Inca had no horses and no carts with wheels, so people and llamas carried eve
---

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# The Aztecs and the Inca, sentence 18

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Potatoes first came from the Andes and were later taken to Europe; the Andes peoples grew thousands of kinds of potatoes, freeze-dried them in the mountain cold, and kept llamas and alpacas for wool and carrying loads; the Inca had no horses and no carts with wheels, so people and llamas carried everything along the roads.

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**Who acts:** Potatoes, Andes peoples, Inca, people · **What happens:** come, take, grow, freeze, dry, keep · **To what, where:** Andes, Europe, thousands, people, mountain, llamas

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This is a sentence of the lesson «The Aztecs and the Inca» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Potatoes, Andes peoples, Inca, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:019-the-aztecs-and-the-inca.lesson:18
# text = Potatoes first came from the Andes and were later taken to Europe; the Andes peoples grew thousands of kinds of potatoes, freeze-dried them in the mountain cold, and kept llamas and alpacas for wool and carrying loads; the Inca had no horses and no carts with wheels, so people and llamas carried everything along the roads.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 019-the-aztecs-and-the-inca.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Potatoes	potato	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	3	advmod	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Andes	Andes	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
9	later	late	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	10	advmod	_	_
10	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
13	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	3	punct	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=15:det
15	Andes	Andes	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	16	compound	_	_
16	peoples	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
17	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
18	thousands	thousand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	kinds	kind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	potatoes	potato	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nmod	_	_
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
24	freeze	freeze	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	compound	_	_
25	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	24	punct	_	_
26	dried	dry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	conj	_	_
27	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	obj	_	_
28	in	in	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
31	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
34	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	parataxis	_	_
35	llamas	llama	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	34	obj	_	_
36	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
37	alpacas	alpaca	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	conj	_	_
38	for	for	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
39	wool	wool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=35:nmod
40	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	41	cc	_	_
41	carrying	carry	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	34	conj	_	_
42	loads	load	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	41	obj	_	_
43	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	46	punct	_	Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=3:punct
44	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	45	det	_	_
45	Inca	Inca	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	46	nsubj	_	_
46	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:conj
47	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	48	det	_	_
48	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	46	obj	_	_
49	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	51	cc	_	_
50	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	51	det	_	_
51	carts	cart	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	48	conj	_	_
52	with	with	ADP	IN	_	53	case	_	_
53	wheels	wheel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	51	nmod	_	_
54	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	59	punct	_	_
55	so	so	ADV	RB	_	59	advmod	_	_
56	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	59	nsubj	_	_
57	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	58	cc	_	_
58	llamas	llama	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	56	conj	_	_
59	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
60	everything	everything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	59	obj	_	_
61	along	along	ADP	IN	_	63	case	_	_
62	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	63	det	_	_
63	roads	road	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	59	obl	_	_
64	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | Potatoes |  |  | the Andes |  | first *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from andes=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **take** | past · passive | Potatoes *not said here* |  | Europe |  |  | late *property* | vn convert-26.6.2 «NP V S\_ING»: to europe=Result |
| 3 | **grow** | past | the Andes peoples | thousands of kinds of potatoes |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location thousand=Theme |
| 4 | **freeze** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 5 | **dry** | participle | the Andes peoples *not said here* | people |  | the mountain |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient they=Result |
| 6 | **keep** | participle |  | llamas and alpacas |  |  |  | for wool | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent llama=Theme |
| 7 | **carry** | gerund |  | loads |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent load=Theme |
| 8 | **have** | past | the Inca | no horses and no carts with wheels |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horse=Patient |
| 9 | **carry** | past | people and llamas | everything |  |  |  | along the roads | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent everything=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:019-the-aztecs-and-the-inca.lesson:18`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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