---
title: People learned to melt copper from rocks, and later mixed copper wit… — The first farms and towns · tree and pragmatics
description: People learned to melt copper from rocks, and later mixed copper with tin to make bronze, which is harder. Who acts: People, bronze. A sentence of the lesson «The first farms and towns» of the history course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The first farms and towns, sentence 18

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
People learned to melt copper from rocks, and later mixed copper with tin to make bronze, which is harder.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** People, bronze · **What happens:** learn, melt, mixed, make, be · **To what, where:** copper, rocks, bronze

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This is a sentence of the lesson «The first farms and towns» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (People, bronze), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:002-the-first-farms-and-towns.lesson:18
# text = People learned to melt copper from rocks, and later mixed copper with tin to make bronze, which is harder.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 002-the-first-farms-and-towns.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	People	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	melt	melt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	copper	copper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	later	late	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	11	advmod	_	_
11	mixed	mixed	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
12	copper	copper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
13	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	tin	tin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	advcl	_	_
17	bronze	bronze	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	21	nsubj	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	cop	_	_
21	harder	hard	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	17	acl:relcl	_	_
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | People |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **melt** | to-infinitive | People *not said here* | copper |  | rocks |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient copper=Result |
| 3 | **mixed** | past | People *not said here* | copper |  |  |  | with tin; late *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **make** | to-infinitive | People *not said here* | bronze |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset bronze=Product |
| 5 | **is** | present | bronze |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:002-the-first-farms-and-towns.lesson:18`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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