--- title: Later people learned to melt copper out of rocks and to mix it with… — The first farms and towns · tree and pragmatics description: Later people learned to melt copper out of rocks and to mix it with tin to make bronze, so historians name these times after the best tool material: the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages. Who acts: people, historians. A sentence of the lesson «The first farms and towns» of the history course of Mova's pri --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/2-the-first-farms-and-towns/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [The first farms and towns](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/2-the-first-farms-and-towns/) / 7 # The first farms and towns, sentence 7 Later people learned to melt copper out of rocks and to mix it with tin to make bronze, so historians name these times after the best tool material: the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages. **Who acts:** people, historians · **What happens:** learn, melt, mix, make, name · **To what, where:** copper, rocks, bronze This is a sentence of the lesson «The first farms and towns» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, historians), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:002-the-first-farms-and-towns.lesson:7 # text = Later people learned to melt copper out of rocks and to mix it with tin to make bronze, so historians name these times after the best tool material: the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 002-the-first-farms-and-towns.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change 1 Later late ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 3 advmod _ _ 2 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 3 learned learn VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 to to PART TO _ 5 mark _ _ 5 melt melt VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 xcomp _ _ 6 copper copper NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obj _ _ 7 out out ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 8 of of ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 9 rocks rock NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 obl _ _ 10 and and CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _ 11 to to PART TO _ 12 mark _ _ 12 mix mix VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 5 conj _ _ 13 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 obj _ _ 14 with with ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 15 tin tin NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obl _ _ 16 to to PART TO _ 17 mark _ _ 17 make make VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 12 advcl _ _ 18 bronze bronze NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 obj _ _ 19 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 20 so so ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ _ 21 historians historian NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 nsubj _ _ 22 name name VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 parataxis _ _ 23 these this DET DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 24 det _ _ 24 times time NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 obj _ _ 25 after after ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 26 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 27 best good ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 29 amod _ _ 28 tool tool NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 compound _ _ 29 material material NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 obl _ _ 30 : : PUNCT : _ 32 punct _ _ 31 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 32 Stone Stone PROPN NNP Number=Sing 29 appos _ _ 33 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 34 Bronze Bronze PROPN NNP Number=Sing 32 conj _ _ 35 and and CCONJ CC _ 37 cc _ _ 36 Iron Iron PROPN NNP Number=Sing 37 compound _ _ 37 Ages Age PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 32 conj _ _ 38 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **learn** | past | people | | | | | late *property* | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **melt** | to-infinitive | people *not said here* | copper | | rocks | | | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient copper=Result | | 3 | **mix** | to-infinitive | people *not said here* | copper | | | | with tin | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient with tin=Co-Patient | | 4 | **make** | to-infinitive | people *not said here* | bronze | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset bronze=Product | | 5 | **name** | present | historians | | | | after the best tool material; time | | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:002-the-first-farms-and-towns.lesson:7`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The first farms and towns, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/2-the-first-farms-and-towns/6/) - next →: [The first farms and towns, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/2-the-first-farms-and-towns/9/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/2-the-first-farms-and-towns/)