---
title: Viking longships were light and fast, with sails and oars, and could… — The Middle Ages begin: the Vikings · tree and pragmatics
description: Viking longships were light and fast, with sails and oars, and could cross the sea and sail up shallow rivers. Who acts: Viking longships. A sentence of the lesson «The Middle Ages begin: the Vikings» of the history course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every
---

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# The Middle Ages begin: the Vikings, sentence 11

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Viking longships were light and fast, with sails and oars, and could cross the sea and sail up shallow rivers.

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**Who acts:** Viking longships · **What happens:** be, cross, sail up · **To what, where:** sea, shallow rivers

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This is a sentence of the lesson «The Middle Ages begin: the Vikings» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Viking longships), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:020-the-middle-ages-begin-the-vikings.lesson:11
# text = Viking longships were light and fast, with sails and oars, and could cross the sea and sail up shallow rivers.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 020-the-middle-ages-begin-the-vikings.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×4
1	Viking	viking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	longships	longship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	light	light	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=4:cc
6	fast	fast	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	sails	sail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=9:cc
11	oars	oar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=4:cc
14	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	cross	cross	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=15:cc
19	sail	sail	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	conj	_	_
20	up	up	ADP	RP	_	19	compound:prt	_	_
21	shallow	shallow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	rivers	river	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	_
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Viking longships |  |  |  |  | with sails and oars; light *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Viking longships *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cross** | could | Viking longships *not said here* | the sea |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sea=Patient |
| 4 | **sail up** | infinitive | Viking longships *not said here* | shallow rivers |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme river=Trajectory |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:020-the-middle-ages-begin-the-vikings.lesson:11`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×4. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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