--- title: Vikings wrote with runes, letters of straight lines made for cutting… — The Middle Ages begin: the Vikings · tree and pragmatics description: Vikings wrote with runes, letters of straight lines made for cutting into wood and stone, and runes were mostly writing, not magic spells. Who acts: Vikings, runes. A sentence of the lesson «The Middle Ages begin: the Vikings» of the history course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree a --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/20-the-middle-ages-begin-the-vikings/19/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [The Middle Ages begin: the Vikings](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/20-the-middle-ages-begin-the-vikings/) / 19 # The Middle Ages begin: the Vikings, sentence 19 Vikings wrote with runes, letters of straight lines made for cutting into wood and stone, and runes were mostly writing, not magic spells. **Who acts:** Vikings, runes · **What happens:** write, make, cut, letter · **To what, where:** straight lines This is a sentence of the lesson «The Middle Ages begin: the Vikings» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Vikings, runes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:020-the-middle-ages-begin-the-vikings.lesson:19 # text = Vikings wrote with runes, letters of straight lines made for cutting into wood and stone, and runes were mostly writing, not magic spells. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 020-the-middle-ages-begin-the-vikings.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Vikings viking PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=2:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 2 wrote write VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 with with ADP IN _ 4 case _ _ 4 runes rune NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obl _ _ 5 , , PUNCT , _ 6 punct _ _ 6 letters letter NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 appos _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:conj 7 of of ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 8 straight straight ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod _ _ 9 lines line NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nmod _ _ 10 made make VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 9 acl _ _ 11 for for SCONJ IN _ 12 mark _ _ 12 cutting cut VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 2 advcl _ _ 13 into into ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 14 wood wood NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obl _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 16 cc _ _ 16 stone stone NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 conj _ _ 17 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 18 and and CCONJ CC _ 22 cc _ _ 19 runes rune NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 nsubj _ _ 20 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 22 aux _ _ 21 mostly mostly ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ _ 22 writing write VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 2 conj _ _ 23 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 24 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 26 advmod _ _ 25 magic magic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 26 amod _ _ 26 spells spell NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 conj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=22:obl 27 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **write** | past | Vikings | | | | | with runes | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **make** | participle | | straight lines *not said here* | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset | | 3 | **cut** | gerund | Vikings *not said here* | | | | | into wood and stone | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent into wood=Patient | | 4 | **write** | past · progressive | runes | | | | | mostly *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **letter** | | | straight lines | | | | | nom letter «communication transitive»: of=patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:020-the-middle-ages-begin-the-vikings.lesson:19`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The Middle Ages begin: the Vikings, 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/20-the-middle-ages-begin-the-vikings/18/) - next →: [The Middle Ages begin: the Vikings, 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/20-the-middle-ages-begin-the-vikings/20/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/20-the-middle-ages-begin-the-vikings/)