---
title: The numbers 0 to 9 that we call Arabic numerals were first developed… — The Islamic golden age and the wider medieval wo… · tree and pragmatics
description: The numbers 0 to 9 that we call Arabic numerals were first developed in India and reached Europe through Arabic books. Who acts: we. A sentence of the lesson «The Islamic golden age and the wider medieval world» of the history course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmati
---

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# The Islamic golden age and the wider medieval world, sentence 10

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The numbers 0 to 9 that we call Arabic numerals were first developed in India and reached Europe through Arabic books.

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**Who acts:** we · **What happens:** call, develop, reach · **To what, where:** numbers, India, Europe, Arabic books · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the lesson «The Islamic golden age and the wider medieval world» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:022-the-islamic-golden-age-and-the-wider-medieval-world.lesson:10
# text = The numbers 0 to 9 that we call Arabic numerals were first developed in India and reached Europe through Arabic books.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 022-the-islamic-golden-age-and-the-wider-medieval-world.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	0	0	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	flat	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	9	9	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	nmod	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	obj	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	call	call	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
9	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
11	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
12	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	13	advmod	_	_
13	developed	develop	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	India	India	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
18	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
19	through	through	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	_
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present | we | the numbers |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent that=Theme numeral=Result |
| 2 | **develop** | past · passive |  | the numbers |  | India |  | first *property* | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Product |
| 3 | **reach** | past |  | Europe |  | Arabic books |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent europe=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:022-the-islamic-golden-age-and-the-wider-medieval-world.lesson:10`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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