--- title: The plague was caused by a germ carried by fleas on rats and other a… — The Black Death and the end of the Middle Ages · tree and pragmatics description: The plague was caused by a germ carried by fleas on rats and other animals, and it could also pass between people; the germ was discovered in 1894. Who acts: germ, plague. A sentence of the lesson «The Black Death and the end of the Middle Ages» of the history course of Mova's primary school with it --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/24-the-black-death-and-the-end-of-the-middle-ages/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [The Black Death and the end of the Mid…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/24-the-black-death-and-the-end-of-the-middle-ages/) / 7 # The Black Death and the end of the Middle Ages, sentence 7 The plague was caused by a germ carried by fleas on rats and other animals, and it could also pass between people; the germ was discovered in 1894. **Who acts:** germ, plague · **What happens:** cause, carry, pass, discover · **To what, where:** plague, germ, rats, 1894 This is a sentence of the lesson «The Black Death and the end of the Middle Ages» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (germ, plague), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:024-the-black-death-and-the-end-of-the-middle-ages.lesson:7 # text = The plague was caused by a germ carried by fleas on rats and other animals, and it could also pass between people; the germ was discovered in 1894. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 024-the-black-death-and-the-end-of-the-middle-ages.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 plague plague NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _ 3 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux:pass _ _ 4 caused cause VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 5 by by ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 6 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 germ germ NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl:agent _ _ 8 carried carry VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 7 acl _ _ 9 by by ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 fleas flea NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 obl _ _ 11 on on ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 12 rats rat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=10:nmod 13 and and CCONJ CC _ 15 cc _ _ 14 other other ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 15 amod _ _ 15 animals animal NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 conj _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 21 cc _ _ 18 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 21 nsubj _ _ 19 could could AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 21 aux _ _ 20 also also ADV RB _ 21 advmod _ _ 21 pass pass VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 4 conj _ _ 22 between between ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 23 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 obl _ _ 24 ; ; PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ _ 25 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 26 germ germ NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 nsubj:pass _ _ 27 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 28 aux:pass _ _ 28 discovered discover VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 4 parataxis _ _ 29 in in ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 30 1894 1894 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 28 obl _ _ 31 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **cause** | past · passive | a germ | the plague | | | | | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient | | 2 | **carry** | participle | | a germ *not said here* | | rats and other animals | | by fleas | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **pass** | could | plague | | | | | between people | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme between people=Location | | 4 | **discover** | past · passive | | the germ | | 1894 | | | vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:024-the-black-death-and-the-end-of-the-middle-ages.lesson:7`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The Black Death and the end of the Mid…, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/24-the-black-death-and-the-end-of-the-middle-ages/6/) - next →: [The Black Death and the end of the Mid…, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/24-the-black-death-and-the-end-of-the-middle-ages/8/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/24-the-black-death-and-the-end-of-the-middle-ages/)