--- title: Before printing, books in Europe were copied by hand, so they were r… — Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation · tree and pragmatics description: Before printing, books in Europe were copied by hand, so they were rare and very expensive; within about fifty years of Gutenberg millions of books had been printed. Who acts: hand, blocks. A sentence of the lesson «Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation» of the history course of Mova's prima --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [Printing, the Renaissance and the Refo…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/) / 7 # Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation, sentence 7 Before printing, books in Europe were copied by hand, so they were rare and very expensive; within about fifty years of Gutenberg millions of books had been printed. **Who acts:** hand, blocks · **What happens:** print, copy, be · **To what, where:** books, millions This is a sentence of the lesson «Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hand, blocks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:025-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation.lesson:7 # text = Before printing, books in Europe were copied by hand, so they were rare and very expensive; within about fifty years of Gutenberg millions of books had been printed. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 025-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Before before SCONJ IN _ 2 mark _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:case|HaikuPos=ADP:IN:_ 2 printing print VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 8 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=8:obl|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 3 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 4 books book NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 nsubj:pass _ _ 5 in in ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 Europe Europe PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _ 7 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 8 aux:pass _ _ 8 copied copy VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 9 by by ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 hand hand NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 obl _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 12 so so ADV RB _ 15 advmod _ _ 13 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 15 nsubj _ _ 14 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 15 cop _ _ 15 rare rare ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 parataxis _ _ 16 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ _ 17 very very ADV RB _ 18 advmod _ _ 18 expensive expensive ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 15 conj _ _ 19 ; ; PUNCT : _ 31 punct _ _ 20 within within ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 21 about about ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ _ 22 fifty fifty NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 23 nummod _ _ 23 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 obl _ _ 24 of of ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 25 Gutenberg Gutenberg PROPN NNP Number=Sing 23 nmod _ _ 26 millions million NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 nsubj:pass _ _ 27 of of ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 28 books book NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 nmod _ _ 29 had have AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 31 aux _ _ 30 been be AUX VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 31 aux:pass _ _ 31 printed print VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 15 conj _ _ 32 . . PUNCT . _ 8 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **print** | gerund | hand *not said here* | | | | | | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **copy** | past · passive | hand | books in Europe | | | | | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme | | 3 | **is** | past | blocks *= block* | | | | | rare *property* | tree rules | | 4 | **be** | | blocks *= block* *not said here* | | | | | | tree rules | | 5 | **print** | past · perfect · passive | | millions of books | | | year | | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:025-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation.lesson:7`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Printing, the Renaissance and the Refo…, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/6/) - next →: [Printing, the Renaissance and the Refo…, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/8/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/)