--- title: Long before him, Vikings had reached North America around the year 1… — Explorers: around Africa and Columbus · tree and pragmatics description: Long before him, Vikings had reached North America around the year 1000, and Chinese fleets under Zheng He had sailed as far as East Africa in the early 1400s. Who acts: Vikings, Christopher. A sentence of the lesson «Explorers: around Africa and Columbus» of the history course of Mova's primary sch --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/26-explorers-around-africa-and-columbus/4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [Explorers: around Africa and Columbus](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/26-explorers-around-africa-and-columbus/) / 4 # Explorers: around Africa and Columbus, sentence 4 Long before him, Vikings had reached North America around the year 1000, and Chinese fleets under Zheng He had sailed as far as East Africa in the early 1400s. **Who acts:** Vikings, Christopher · **What happens:** reach, sail · **To what, where:** North America, early 1400s This is a sentence of the lesson «Explorers: around Africa and Columbus» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Vikings, Christopher), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:026-explorers-around-africa-and-columbus.lesson:4 # text = Long before him, Vikings had reached North America around the year 1000, and Chinese fleets under Zheng He had sailed as far as East Africa in the early 1400s. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 026-explorers-around-africa-and-columbus.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Long long ADV RB Degree=Pos 7 advmod _ _ 2 before before ADP IN _ 3 case _ _ 3 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 1 obl _ _ 4 , , PUNCT , _ 1 punct _ _ 5 Vikings viking PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 7 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=7:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 6 had have AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 7 aux _ _ 7 reached reach VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 8 North North PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 compound _ _ 9 America America PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 obj _ _ 10 around around ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 11 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 12 year year NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obl _ _ 13 1000 1000 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 12 flat _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 17 cc _ _ 16 Chinese Chinese ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 amod _ _ 17 fleets fleet NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 conj _ _ 18 under under ADP IN _ 19 case _ _ 19 Zheng Zheng PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 nmod _ _ 20 He he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 22 nsubj _ _ 21 had have AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 22 aux _ _ 22 sailed sail VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 7 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=17:acl:relcl 23 as as ADV RB _ 24 advmod _ _ 24 far far ADV RB Degree=Pos 22 advmod _ _ 25 as as ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 26 East East PROPN NNP Number=Sing 27 compound _ _ 27 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 24 obl _ _ 28 in in ADP IN _ 31 case _ _ 29 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 31 det _ _ 30 early early ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 amod _ _ 31 1400s 1400 NOUN NNS Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card 22 obl _ _ 32 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **reach** | past · perfect | Vikings | North America | | | year | long *property* | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent america=Theme | | 2 | **sail** | past · perfect | Christopher | | | the early 1400s | | far *property* | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:026-explorers-around-africa-and-columbus.lesson:4`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Explorers: around Africa and Columbus, 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/26-explorers-around-africa-and-columbus/3/) - next →: [Explorers: around Africa and Columbus, 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/26-explorers-around-africa-and-columbus/5/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/26-explorers-around-africa-and-columbus/)