---
title: The scientific method means testing ideas by careful experiments and… — The age of science · tree and pragmatics
description: The scientific method means testing ideas by careful experiments and measurements rather than trusting old books. Who acts: scientific method. A sentence of the lesson «The age of science» of the history course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The age of science, sentence 9

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The scientific method means testing ideas by careful experiments and measurements rather than trusting old books.

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**Who acts:** scientific method · **What happens:** mean, test, trust · **To what, where:** ideas, old books · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the lesson «The age of science» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (scientific method), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:029-the-age-of-science.lesson:9
# text = The scientific method means testing ideas by careful experiments and measurements rather than trusting old books.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 029-the-age-of-science.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	scientific	scientific	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	method	method	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	testing	test	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	ccomp	_	_
6	ideas	idea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	careful	careful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	experiments	experiment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	measurements	measurement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
12	rather	rather	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	14	advmod	_	_
13	than	than	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	trusting	trust	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	conj	_	_
15	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | the scientific method |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **test** | gerund |  | ideas |  |  |  | by careful experiments and measurements | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent idea=Theme |
| 3 | **trust** | gerund |  | old books |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent book=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:029-the-age-of-science.lesson:9`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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