--- title: The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest stories ever written down… — Mesopotamia: the first cities and writing · tree and pragmatics description: The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest stories ever written down: a king loses his best friend Enkidu, searches for a way to live for ever and learns that all people die. Who acts: Epic, king, people. A sentence of the lesson «Mesopotamia: the first cities and writing» of the history course of M --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/3-mesopotamia-first-cities-and-writing/19/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [Mesopotamia: the first cities and writ…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/3-mesopotamia-first-cities-and-writing/) / 19 # Mesopotamia: the first cities and writing, sentence 19 The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest stories ever written down: a king loses his best friend Enkidu, searches for a way to live for ever and learns that all people die. **Who acts:** Epic, king, people · **What happens:** be, write down, lose, search, live, learn · **To what, where:** one, oldest stories, best friend · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Mesopotamia: the first cities and writing» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Epic, king, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:003-mesopotamia-first-cities-and-writing.lesson:19 # text = The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest stories ever written down: a king loses his best friend Enkidu, searches for a way to live for ever and learns that all people die. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 003-mesopotamia-first-cities-and-writing.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 Epic epic PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=6:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 3 of of ADP IN _ 4 case _ _ 4 Gilgamesh Gilgamesh PROPN NNP Number=Sing 2 nmod _ _ 5 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 cop _ _ 6 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 0 root _ _ 7 of of ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 9 oldest old ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 10 amod _ _ 10 stories story NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nmod _ _ 11 ever ever ADV RB PronType=Ind 12 advmod _ _ 12 written write VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 10 acl _ _ 13 down down ADP RP _ 12 compound:prt _ _ 14 : : PUNCT : _ 17 punct _ _ 15 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 king king NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 nsubj _ _ 17 loses lose VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 parataxis _ _ 18 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 20 nmod:poss _ _ 19 best good ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 20 amod _ _ 20 friend friend NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 obj _ _ 21 Enkidu Enkidu PROPN NNP Number=Sing 20 appos _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 23 searches search VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 17 conj _ _ 24 for for ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 25 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 26 way way NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obl _ _ 27 to to PART TO _ 28 mark _ _ 28 live live VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 26 acl _ _ 29 for for ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 30 ever ever ADV RB PronType=Ind 28 obl _ _ 31 and and CCONJ CC _ 32 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=23:cc 32 learns learn VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 23 conj _ _ 33 that that SCONJ IN _ 36 mark _ _ 34 all all DET DT PronType=Tot 35 det _ _ 35 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 36 nsubj _ _ 36 die die VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 32 ccomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=32:advcl 37 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=17:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed polarity=none | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | the Epic of Gilgamesh | one | | | | of the oldest stories | tree rules | | 2 | **write down** | participle | | the oldest stories *not said here* | | | ever | | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **lose** | present | a king | king's best friend | | | | | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent friend=Eventuality | | 4 | **search** | present | a king *not said here* | | | | | for a way | vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.theme NP.location»: agent=Agent for way=Theme | | 5 | **live** | to-infinitive | a king *not said here* | | | | | | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 6 | **learn** | present | a king *not said here* | | | | | | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 7 | **die** | present | all people | | | | | | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:003-mesopotamia-first-cities-and-writing.lesson:19`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Mesopotamia: the first cities and writ…, 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/3-mesopotamia-first-cities-and-writing/18/) - next →: [Mesopotamia: the first cities and writ…, 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/3-mesopotamia-first-cities-and-writing/20/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/3-mesopotamia-first-cities-and-writing/)