--- title: Before telephones, messages went by letter, by messenger, or from th… — The Industrial Revolution · tree and pragmatics description: Before telephones, messages went by letter, by messenger, or from the 1840s by telegraph, coded clicks sent along wires; Alexander Graham Bell made a working telephone in 1876, and Guglielmo Marconi sent radio signals across the Atlantic in 1901. Who acts: messages, coded clicks, Alexander Bell, Gug --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/30-the-industrial-revolution/14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [The Industrial Revolution](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/30-the-industrial-revolution/) / 14 # The Industrial Revolution, sentence 14 Before telephones, messages went by letter, by messenger, or from the 1840s by telegraph, coded clicks sent along wires; Alexander Graham Bell made a working telephone in 1876, and Guglielmo Marconi sent radio signals across the Atlantic in 1901. **Who acts:** messages, coded clicks, Alexander Bell, Guglielmo Marconi · **What happens:** go, code, send, make, work · **To what, where:** telephones, working telephone, 1876, radio signals, Atlantic This is a sentence of the lesson «The Industrial Revolution» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (messages, coded clicks, Alexander Bell, Guglielmo Marconi), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:030-the-industrial-revolution.lesson:14 # text = Before telephones, messages went by letter, by messenger, or from the 1840s by telegraph, coded clicks sent along wires; Alexander Graham Bell made a working telephone in 1876, and Guglielmo Marconi sent radio signals across the Atlantic in 1901. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 030-the-industrial-revolution.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Before before ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 telephones telephone NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 obl _ _ 3 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 4 messages message NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _ 5 went go VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 6 by by ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 7 letter letter NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obl _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 9 by by ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 messenger messenger NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 conj _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 12 or or CCONJ CC _ 15 cc _ _ 13 from from ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 14 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 15 det _ _ 15 1840s 1840 NOUN NNS Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card 7 nmod _ _ 16 by by ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 17 telegraph telegraph NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 nmod _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=19:punct 19 coded code VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 20 amod _ _ 20 clicks click NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 nsubj _ _ 21 sent send VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 5 parataxis _ _ 22 along along ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 23 wires wire NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 obl _ _ 24 ; ; PUNCT : _ 28 punct _ _ 25 Alexander Alexander PROPN NNP Number=Sing 27 compound _ _ 26 Graham Graham PROPN NNP Number=Sing 25 flat _ _ 27 Bell bell NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 nsubj _ _ 28 made make VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:conj 29 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 31 det _ _ 30 working work VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 31 amod _ _ 31 telephone telephone NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 obj _ _ 32 in in ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 33 1876 1876 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 28 obl _ _ 34 , , PUNCT , _ 38 punct _ _ 35 and and CCONJ CC _ 38 cc _ _ 36 Guglielmo Guglielmo PROPN NNP Number=Sing 37 compound _ _ 37 Marconi Marconi PROPN NNP Number=Sing 38 nsubj _ _ 38 sent send VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _ 39 radio radio NOUN NN Number=Sing 40 compound _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=40:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 40 signals signal NOUN NNS Number=Plur 38 obj _ _ 41 across across ADP IN _ 43 case _ _ 42 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 43 det _ _ 43 Atlantic Atlantic PROPN NNP Number=Sing 38 obl _ _ 44 in in ADP IN _ 45 case _ _ 45 1901 1901 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 38 obl _ _ 46 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **go** | past | messages | | | telephones | | by letter from the 1840s by telegraph and messenger | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme before telephone=Location | | 2 | **code** | participle | | | | | | | vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **send** | participle | coded clicks | | | | | along wires | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **make** | past | Alexander Bell | a working telephone | | 1876 | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material telephone=Product | | 5 | **work** | gerund | | | | | | | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 6 | **send** | past | Guglielmo Marconi | radio signals | | the Atlantic | | in 1901 | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent signal=Theme in 1901=Destination | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:030-the-industrial-revolution.lesson:14`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The Industrial Revolution, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/30-the-industrial-revolution/13/) - next →: [The Industrial Revolution, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/30-the-industrial-revolution/15/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/30-the-industrial-revolution/)