--- title: Cossacks appeared in the 15th–16th centuries in the steppe borderlan… — Lithuanian and Polish times, the first Cossacks · tree and pragmatics description: Cossacks appeared in the 15th–16th centuries in the steppe borderlands; they fished, hunted and fought Tatar raiders, and many served the Polish king as registered Cossacks for pay. Who acts: Cossacks, many. A sentence of the lesson «Lithuanian and Polish times, the first Cossacks» of the history co --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/43-lithuanian-and-polish-times-the-first-cossacks/11/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [Lithuanian and Polish times, the first…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/43-lithuanian-and-polish-times-the-first-cossacks/) / 11 # Lithuanian and Polish times, the first Cossacks, sentence 11 Cossacks appeared in the 15th–16th centuries in the steppe borderlands; they fished, hunted and fought Tatar raiders, and many served the Polish king as registered Cossacks for pay. **Who acts:** Cossacks, many · **What happens:** appear, fish, hunt, fight, serve, register · **To what, where:** 15th, Tatar raiders, Polish king This is a sentence of the lesson «Lithuanian and Polish times, the first Cossacks» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cossacks, many), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:043-lithuanian-and-polish-times-the-first-cossacks.lesson:11 # text = Cossacks appeared in the 15th–16th centuries in the steppe borderlands; they fished, hunted and fought Tatar raiders, and many served the Polish king as registered Cossacks for pay. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 043-lithuanian-and-polish-times-the-first-cossacks.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 Cossacks cossack PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=2:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 2 appeared appear VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 in in ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=5:det 5 15th 15th NOUN NN Number=Sing|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord 2 obl _ _ 6 – - PUNCT : _ 8 punct _ _ 7 16th 16th PROPN NNP Number=Sing 8 compound _ _ 8 centuries century NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=5:conj 9 in in ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 10 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 11 steppe steppe NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 compound _ _ 12 borderlands borderland NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obl _ _ 13 ; ; PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 14 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 15 nsubj _ _ 15 fished fish VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:conj 16 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 17 hunted hunt VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 15 conj _ _ 18 and and CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 19 fought fight VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 15 conj _ _ 20 Tatar Tatar PROPN NNP Number=Sing 21 compound _ _ 21 raiders raider NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 obj _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 25 cc _ _ 24 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 25 nsubj _ _ 25 served serve VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 15 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=2:conj 26 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 28 det _ _ 27 Polish polish ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 28 amod _ _ 28 king king NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 obj _ _ 29 as as ADP IN _ 31 case _ _ 30 registered register VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 31 amod _ _ 31 Cossacks cossack PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 25 obl _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=25:obl|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 32 for for ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 33 pay pay NOUN NN Number=Sing 31 nmod _ _ 34 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed polarity=none | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **appear** | past | Cossacks | | | 15th | century | in the steppe borderlands | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in 15th=Location | | 2 | **fish** | past | Cossacks *= cossack* | | | | | | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **hunt** | past | Cossacks *= cossack* *not said here* | | | | | | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **fight** | past | Cossacks *= cossack* *not said here* | Tatar raiders | | | | | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent raider=Co-Agent | | 5 | **serve** | past | many | the Polish king | | | | as registered Cossacks for pay | vn spend\_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent king=Duration as cossack=Attribute | | 6 | **register** | participle | | | | | | | vn patent-101 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:043-lithuanian-and-polish-times-the-first-cossacks.lesson:11`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Lithuanian and Polish times, the first…, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/43-lithuanian-and-polish-times-the-first-cossacks/10/) - next →: [Lithuanian and Polish times, the first…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/43-lithuanian-and-polish-times-the-first-cossacks/13/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/43-lithuanian-and-polish-times-the-first-cossacks/)