---
title: In 1621 at Khotyn a Polish-Lithuanian army with about 40,000 Cossack… — Lithuanian and Polish times, the first Cossacks · tree and pragmatics
description: In 1621 at Khotyn a Polish-Lithuanian army with about 40,000 Cossacks under Hetman Petro Sahaidachny (a hetman was the Cossacks' chosen commander) held off a large Ottoman army; the Cossacks were crucial, but the army was a joint one. Who acts: hetman, Lithuanian army, Cossacks, army. A sentence of 
---

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# Lithuanian and Polish times, the first Cossacks, sentence 15

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In 1621 at Khotyn a Polish-Lithuanian army with about 40,000 Cossacks under Hetman Petro Sahaidachny (a hetman was the Cossacks' chosen commander) held off a large Ottoman army; the Cossacks were crucial, but the army was a joint one.

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**Who acts:** hetman, Lithuanian army, Cossacks, army · **What happens:** choose, be, hold off · **To what, where:** chosen commander, large Ottoman army, 1621, joint one

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Lithuanian and Polish times, the first Cossacks» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hetman, Lithuanian army, Cossacks, army), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:043-lithuanian-and-polish-times-the-first-cossacks.lesson:15
# text = In 1621 at Khotyn a Polish-Lithuanian army with about 40,000 Cossacks under Hetman Petro Sahaidachny (a hetman was the Cossacks' chosen commander) held off a large Ottoman army; the Cossacks were crucial, but the army was a joint one.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 043-lithuanian-and-polish-times-the-first-cossacks.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×3
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	1621	1621	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	28	obl	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Khotyn	Khotyn	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
6	Polish	polish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	_
8	Lithuanian	lithuanian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	army	army	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	about	about	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	40,000	40000	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	Cossacks	cossack	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
14	under	under	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	Hetman	Hetman	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
16	Petro	Petro	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	flat	_	_
17	Sahaidachny	Sahaidachny	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	flat	_	_
18	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	20	punct	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	hetman	hetman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nsubj	_	_
21	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	26	cop	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	Cossacks	cossack	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	26	nmod:poss	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=26:nmod:poss|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur
24	'	's	PART	POS	_	23	case	_	_
25	chosen	choose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	26	amod	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=26:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos
26	commander	commander	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	parataxis	_	_
27	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	26	punct	_	Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=20:punct
28	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
29	off	off	ADP	RP	_	28	compound:prt	_	_
30	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
31	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
32	Ottoman	ottoman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=33:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing
33	army	army	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	_
34	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	38	punct	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	Cossacks	cossack	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	38	nsubj	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=38:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur
37	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	38	cop	_	_
38	crucial	crucial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	parataxis	_	_
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	46	punct	_	_
40	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	46	cc	_	_
41	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	army	army	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	46	nsubj	_	_
43	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	46	cop	_	_
44	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	46	det	_	_
45	joint	joint	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	46	amod	_	_
46	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	conj	_	_
47	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	28	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **choose** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | past | a hetman | the Cossacks's chosen commander |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **hold off** | past | a Lithuanian army with 40,000 Cossacks under Hetman | a large Ottoman army |  | 1621 at Khotyn |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent army=Theme in 1621=Location |
| 4 | **is** | past | the Cossacks |  |  |  |  | crucial *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **is a** | past | the army | a joint one |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:043-lithuanian-and-polish-times-the-first-cossacks.lesson:15`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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