---
title: Nestor Makhno led an anarchist (against any government) peasant army… — The struggle of 1917–21 and the Holodomor · tree and pragmatics
description: Nestor Makhno led an anarchist (against any government) peasant army in southern Ukraine from 1918 to 1921, used the tachanka, a horse cart with a machine gun, fought several sides and was finally defeated by the Bolsheviks; he died in Paris. Who acts: Nestor, Bolsheviks. A sentence of the lesson «T
---

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# The struggle of 1917–21 and the Holodomor, sentence 10

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Nestor Makhno led an anarchist (against any government) peasant army in southern Ukraine from 1918 to 1921, used the tachanka, a horse cart with a machine gun, fought several sides and was finally defeated by the Bolsheviks; he died in Paris.

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**Who acts:** Nestor, Bolsheviks · **What happens:** lead, use, fight, defeat, die · **To what, where:** anarchist, 1918, tachanka, several sides

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This is a sentence of the lesson «The struggle of 1917–21 and the Holodomor» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Nestor, Bolsheviks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:046-the-struggle-of-1917-21-and-the-holodomor.lesson:10
# text = Nestor Makhno led an anarchist (against any government) peasant army in southern Ukraine from 1918 to 1921, used the tachanka, a horse cart with a machine gun, fought several sides and was finally defeated by the Bolsheviks; he died in Paris.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 046-the-struggle-of-1917-21-and-the-holodomor.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1
1	Nestor	Nestor	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Makhno	Makhno	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	led	lead	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	anarchist	anarchist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	9	punct	_	_
7	against	against	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	9	det	_	_
9	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
10	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	9	punct	_	_
11	peasant	peasant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	army	army	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	Ukraine	Ukraine	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
16	from	from	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	1918	1918	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	1921	1921	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	17	nmod	_	_
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	tachanka	tachanka	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	21	obj	_	_
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
26	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	_
27	cart	cart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	appos	_	_
28	with	with	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
29	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
30	machine	machine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	compound	_	_
31	gun	gun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	_
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
33	fought	fight	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	conj	_	_
34	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	35	amod	_	_
35	sides	side	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	obj	_	_
36	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	39	cc	_	_
37	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	39	aux:pass	_	_
38	finally	finally	ADV	RB	_	39	advmod	_	_
39	defeated	defeat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	21	conj	_	_
40	by	by	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
41	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	Bolsheviks	bolshevik	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	39	obl	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=39:obl|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur
43	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	45	punct	_	_
44	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	45	nsubj	_	_
45	died	die	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:conj
46	in	in	ADP	IN	_	47	case	_	_
47	Paris	Paris	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	45	obl	_	_
48	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed polarity=none

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | past | Nestor | a anarchist and peasant army in southern Ukraine |  | 1918 to 1921 |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent anarchist=Theme from 1918=Destination |
| 2 | **use** | past | Nestor *not said here* | the tachanka |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tachanka=Patient |
| 3 | **fight** | past | Nestor *not said here* | several sides |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent side=Co-Agent |
| 4 | **defeat** | past · passive | the Bolsheviks |  |  |  |  | finally *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **die** | past | Nestor |  |  |  |  | in Paris | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in paris=Attribute |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:046-the-struggle-of-1917-21-and-the-holodomor.lesson:10`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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