---
title: The walls helped control borders and trade, but enemies did get past… — China: the First Emperor, the Terracotta Army an… · tree and pragmatics
description: The walls helped control borders and trade, but enemies did get past: the Mongols conquered China, and the Manchus, a people from the north-east, came through the Shanhaiguan pass, a gateway in the Wall, in 1644. Who acts: walls, enemies, Mongols, Manchus. A sentence of the lesson «China: the First 
---

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# China: the First Emperor, the Terracotta Army and the Great Wall, sentence 15

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The walls helped control borders and trade, but enemies did get past: the Mongols conquered China, and the Manchus, a people from the north-east, came through the Shanhaiguan pass, a gateway in the Wall, in 1644.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** walls, enemies, Mongols, Manchus · **What happens:** help, control, get past, conquer, come · **To what, where:** borders, China, Shanhaiguan pass

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «China: the First Emperor, the Terracotta Army and the Great Wall» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (walls, enemies, Mongols, Manchus), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:052-china-the-first-emperor-the-terracotta-army-and-the-great-wall.lesson:15
# text = The walls helped control borders and trade, but enemies did get past: the Mongols conquered China, and the Manchus, a people from the north-east, came through the Shanhaiguan pass, a gateway in the Wall, in 1644.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 052-china-the-first-emperor-the-terracotta-army-and-the-great-wall.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	helped	help	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	control	control	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
5	borders	border	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	trade	trade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
10	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
11	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
13	past	past	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
14	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	Mongols	Mongol	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=17:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur
17	conquered	conquer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:conj
18	China	China	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	Manchus	Manchus	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	32	nsubj	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=32:nsubj|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	appos	_	_
26	from	from	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
28	north	north	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	compound	_	_
29	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	28	punct	_	_
30	east	east	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	_
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
32	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
33	through	through	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
35	Shanhaiguan	Shanhaiguan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	36	compound	_	_
36	pass	pass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obl	_	_
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
38	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
39	gateway	gateway	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	appos	_	_
40	in	in	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
41	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	Wall	Wall	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	39	nmod	_	_
43	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	45	punct	_	_
44	in	in	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
45	1644	1644	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	32	obl	_	_
46	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | past | the walls |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **control** | infinitive | the walls *not said here* | borders and trade |  |  |  |  | vn enforce-63 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent border=Theme |
| 3 | **get past** | past · do-support | enemies |  |  |  |  | past *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **conquer** | past | the Mongols | China |  |  |  |  | vn subjugate-42.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent china=Patient |
| 5 | **come** | past | the Manchus |  |  | the Shanhaiguan pass |  | in 1644 | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme through pass=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:052-china-the-first-emperor-the-terracotta-army-and-the-great-wall.lesson:15`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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