--- title: Zhang Qian travelled west for the Han emperor around 138–126 BC, was… — China: the First Emperor, the Terracotta Army an… · tree and pragmatics description: Zhang Qian travelled west for the Han emperor around 138–126 BC, was held prisoner by the Xiongnu, horsemen of the northern steppe, for about ten years, and brought back knowledge of Central Asia that helped open the Silk Road; that was more than 1,300 years before the Italian Marco Polo travelled e --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/52-china-the-first-emperor-the-terracotta-army-and-the-great-wall/19/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [China: the First Emperor, the Terracot…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/52-china-the-first-emperor-the-terracotta-army-and-the-great-wall/) / 19 # China: the First Emperor, the Terracotta Army and the Great Wall, sentence 19 Zhang Qian travelled west for the Han emperor around 138–126 BC, was held prisoner by the Xiongnu, horsemen of the northern steppe, for about ten years, and brought back knowledge of Central Asia that helped open the Silk Road; that was more than 1,300 years before the Italian Marco Polo travelled east to China. **Who acts:** Zhang, Xiongnu, knowledge, that, Italian Marco Polo · **What happens:** travel, hold, bring back, help, open, be · **To what, where:** 138, prisoner, knowledge, Silk Road, 1,300 years, China This is a sentence of the lesson «China: the First Emperor, the Terracotta Army and the Great Wall» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Zhang, Xiongnu, knowledge, that), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:052-china-the-first-emperor-the-terracotta-army-and-the-great-wall.lesson:19 # text = Zhang Qian travelled west for the Han emperor around 138–126 BC, was held prisoner by the Xiongnu, horsemen of the northern steppe, for about ten years, and brought back knowledge of Central Asia that helped open the Silk Road; that was more than 1,300 years before the Italian Marco Polo travelled east to China. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 052-china-the-first-emperor-the-terracotta-army-and-the-great-wall.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Zhang Zhang PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 2 Qian Qian PROPN NNP Number=Sing 1 flat _ _ 3 travelled travel VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 west west ADV RB _ 3 advmod _ _ 5 for for ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 7 Han Han PROPN NNP Number=Sing 8 compound _ _ 8 emperor emperor NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obl _ _ 9 around around ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 138 138 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 3 obl _ _ 11 – – SYM SYM ExtPos=ADP 12 case _ _ 12 126 126 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 10 nmod _ _ 13 BC BC NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 nmod:unmarked _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ _ 15 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 16 aux:pass _ _ 16 held hold VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 3 conj _ _ 17 prisoner prisoner NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=16:obj 18 by by ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 19 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 20 Xiongnu Xiongnu PROPN NNP Number=Sing 16 obl _ _ 21 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 22 horsemen horseman NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 appos _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=20:conj 23 of of ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 25 northern northern ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 26 amod _ _ 26 steppe steppe NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 nmod _ _ 27 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 28 for for ADP IN _ 31 case _ _ 29 about about ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 30 ten ten NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 31 nummod _ _ 31 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 obl _ _ 32 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 33 and and CCONJ CC _ 34 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=3:cc 34 brought bring VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 35 back back ADV RB _ 34 advmod _ _ 36 knowledge knowledge NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 obj _ _ 37 of of ADP IN _ 39 case _ _ 38 Central Central PROPN NNP Number=Sing 39 compound _ _ 39 Asia Asia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 36 nmod _ _ 40 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 41 nsubj _ _ 41 helped help VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 36 acl:relcl _ _ 42 open open VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 41 xcomp _ _ 43 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 45 det _ _ 44 Silk Silk PROPN NNP Number=Sing 45 compound _ _ 45 Road Road PROPN NNP Number=Sing 42 obj _ _ 46 ; ; PUNCT : _ 52 punct _ _ 47 that that PRON DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 52 nsubj _ _ 48 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 52 cop _ _ 49 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp|ExtPos=ADV 51 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=52:advmod 50 than than ADP IN _ 49 fixed _ _ 51 1,300 1,300 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 52 nummod _ _ 52 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl _ _ 53 before before SCONJ IN _ 58 mark _ _ 54 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 57 det _ _ 55 Italian Italian ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 57 amod _ _ 56 Marco Marco PROPN NNP Number=Sing 57 compound _ _ 57 Polo Polo PROPN NNP Number=Sing 58 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=58:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 58 travelled travel VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 52 advcl _ _ 59 east east ADV RB _ 58 advmod _ _ 60 to to ADP IN _ 61 case _ _ 61 China China PROPN NNP Number=Sing 58 obl _ _ 62 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **travel** | past | Zhang | | | 138 – 126 BC | | for the Han emperor; west *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme around 138=Trajectory | | 2 | **hold** | past · passive | the Xiongnu | prisoner | | | year | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **bring back** | past | Zhang *not said here* | knowledge of Central Asia | | | | | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent knowledge=Theme | | 4 | **help** | past | knowledge of Central Asia | | | | | | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | | 5 | **open** | infinitive | knowledge of Central Asia *not said here* | the Silk Road | | | | | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location road=Theme | | 6 | **is a** | past | that | 1,300 years | | | | | tree rules | | 7 | **travel** | past | the Italian Marco Polo | | China | | | east *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme to china=Destination | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:052-china-the-first-emperor-the-terracotta-army-and-the-great-wall.lesson:19`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [China: the First Emperor, the Terracot…, 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/52-china-the-first-emperor-the-terracotta-army-and-the-great-wall/18/) - next →: [China: the First Emperor, the Terracot…, 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/52-china-the-first-emperor-the-terracotta-army-and-the-great-wall/20/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/52-china-the-first-emperor-the-terracotta-army-and-the-great-wall/)