---
title: Early wheelbarrows are recorded in Han China and crossbows by the 5t… — China: the four great inventions · tree and pragmatics
description: Early wheelbarrows are recorded in Han China and crossbows by the 5th century BC; ancient Greece had its own early forms of both. Who acts: ancient Greece, crossbow. A sentence of the lesson «China: the four great inventions» of the history course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree an
---

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# China: the four great inventions, sentence 15

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Early wheelbarrows are recorded in Han China and crossbows by the 5th century BC; ancient Greece had its own early forms of both.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** ancient Greece, crossbow · **What happens:** record, have, form · **To what, where:** Early wheelbarrows, Han China, own early forms

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This is a sentence of the lesson «China: the four great inventions» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ancient Greece, crossbow), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:053-china-the-four-great-inventions.lesson:15
# text = Early wheelbarrows are recorded in Han China and crossbows by the 5th century BC; ancient Greece had its own early forms of both.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 053-china-the-four-great-inventions.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	wheelbarrows	wheelbarrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	recorded	record	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	Han	Han	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	China	China	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	crossbows	crossbow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	5th	5th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	13	amod	_	_
13	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
14	BC	BC	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	_
15	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
16	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	Greece	Greece	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
18	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:conj
19	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
20	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
21	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	forms	form	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	22	nmod	_	_
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **record** | present · passive |  | Early wheelbarrows |  | Han China and crossbows | century |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in china=Destination |
| 2 | **have** | past | ancient Greece | crossbow's own early forms of both |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent form=Patient |
| 3 | **form** |  | crossbow |  |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:053-china-the-four-great-inventions.lesson:15`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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