---
title: Kites were flown in China at least by the 5th century BC and used fo… — China: the four great inventions · tree and pragmatics
description: Kites were flown in China at least by the 5th century BC and used for signals; sunshades and umbrellas were also known in ancient Egypt and Assyria. A sentence of the lesson «China: the four great inventions» of the history course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics 
---

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# China: the four great inventions, sentence 18

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Kites were flown in China at least by the 5th century BC and used for signals; sunshades and umbrellas were also known in ancient Egypt and Assyria.

<!-- .vintro -->
**What happens:** fly, use, know · **To what, where:** Kites, China, sunshades, ancient Egypt

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This is a sentence of the lesson «China: the four great inventions» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:053-china-the-four-great-inventions.lesson:18
# text = Kites were flown in China at least by the 5th century BC and used for signals; sunshades and umbrellas were also known in ancient Egypt and Assyria.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 053-china-the-four-great-inventions.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Kites	kite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	flown	fly	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	China	China	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	least	least	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	3	obl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	5th	5th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	11	amod	_	_
11	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
12	BC	BC	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	appos	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
15	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	signals	signal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
17	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	23	punct	_	_
18	sunshades	sunshade	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	umbrellas	umbrella	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	_
21	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux:pass	_	_
22	also	also	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
23	known	know	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:conj
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	Egypt	Egypt	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	Assyria	Assyria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	conj	_	_
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | past · passive |  | Kites |  | China | century | at least | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V NP.theme PP»: subject=Theme in china=Location |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | for signals | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **know** | past · passive |  | sunshades and umbrellas |  | ancient Egypt and Assyria |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:053-china-the-four-great-inventions.lesson:18`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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