---
title: Each of these began in China. — China: the four great inventions · tree and pragmatics
description: Each of these began in China. Who acts: Each. A sentence of the lesson «China: the four great inventions» of the history course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# China: the four great inventions, sentence 4

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each of these began in China.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Each · **What happens:** begin · **To what, where:** China

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «China: the four great inventions» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Each), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:053-china-the-four-great-inventions.lesson:4
# text = Each of these began in China.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 053-china-the-four-great-inventions.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	4	nsubj	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=4:nsubj|HaikuPos=PRON:DT:PronType=Tot
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	1	nmod	_	_
4	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	China	China	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past | Each |  |  | China |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:053-china-the-four-great-inventions.lesson:4`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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