---
title: Under the Song dynasty, from 960 to 1279, China had huge cities, iro… — China: the Song and the Mongols · tree and pragmatics
description: Under the Song dynasty, from 960 to 1279, China had huge cities, iron works, canals and the world's first government paper money, the jiaozi. Who acts: China. A sentence of the lesson «China: the Song and the Mongols» of the history course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pr
---

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# China: the Song and the Mongols, sentence 0

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Under the Song dynasty, from 960 to 1279, China had huge cities, iron works, canals and the world's first government paper money, the jiaozi.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** China · **What happens:** have · **To what, where:** huge cities, Song dynasty

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «China: the Song and the Mongols» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (China), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:055-china-the-song-and-the-mongols.lesson:0
# text = Under the Song dynasty, from 960 to 1279, China had huge cities, iron works, canals and the world's first government paper money, the jiaozi.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 055-china-the-song-and-the-mongols.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1
1	Under	under	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	Song	Song	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=4:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing
4	dynasty	dynasty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	960	960	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	appos	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	1279	1279	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nmod	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
11	China	China	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	iron	iron	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	compound	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=17:amod
17	works	work	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	canals	canal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=14:appos
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod:poss	_	_
23	's	's	PART	POS	_	22	case	_	_
24	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	27	amod	_	_
25	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	compound	_	_
26	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	_
27	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	_
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	jiaozi	jiaozi	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	_
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | China | huge cities and iron works and canals and the world's first paper money and the jiaozi |  | the Song dynasty |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent city=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:055-china-the-song-and-the-mongols.lesson:0`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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