---
title: Foot binding, tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, sprea… — China: the Song and the Mongols · tree and pragmatics
description: Foot binding, tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, spread from the Song era; it caused lifelong pain and was banned in the early 20th century, and most Chinese today see it as a cruelty of the past. Who acts: Foot binding, era, most Chinese. A sentence of the lesson «China: the Song and 
---

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# China: the Song and the Mongols, sentence 9

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Foot binding, tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, spread from the Song era; it caused lifelong pain and was banned in the early 20th century, and most Chinese today see it as a cruelty of the past.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Foot binding, era, most Chinese · **What happens:** wrapping, keep, spread, cause, ban, see · **To what, where:** feet, Song era, lifelong pain, pain

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «China: the Song and the Mongols» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Foot binding, era, most Chinese), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:055-china-the-song-and-the-mongols.lesson:9
# text = Foot binding, tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, spread from the Song era; it caused lifelong pain and was banned in the early 20th century, and most Chinese today see it as a cruelty of the past.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 055-china-the-song-and-the-mongols.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1
1	Foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	binding	binding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
4	tightly	tightly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	wrapping	wrapping	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
6	girls	girl	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	'	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=8:acl
11	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
12	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	xcomp	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	spread	spread	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
15	from	from	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	Song	Song	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=18:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing
18	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
19	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
20	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
21	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
22	lifelong	lifelong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	pain	pain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
25	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	26	aux:pass	_	_
26	banned	ban	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	21	conj	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
29	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
30	20th	20th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	31	amod	_	_
31	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
34	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	35	amod	_	_
35	Chinese	Chinese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	37	nsubj	_	_
36	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	obl:unmarked	_	_
37	see	see	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	conj	_	_
38	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	37	obj	_	_
39	as	as	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
40	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
41	cruelty	cruelty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	obl	_	_
42	of	of	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
43	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	44	det	_	_
44	past	past	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	nmod	_	_
45	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wrapping** | gerund | Foot binding *not said here* | girls's feet |  |  |  | tightly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **keep** | to-infinitive | Foot binding *not said here* | feet *= foot* |  |  |  | small *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
| 3 | **spread** | participle |  |  |  | the Song era |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **cause** | past | era | lifelong pain |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition pain=Patient |
| 5 | **ban** | past · passive | era *not said here* |  |  |  | century |  | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V S\_ING» |
| 6 | **see** | present | most Chinese | pain |  |  | today | as a cruelty of the past | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus as cruelty=Attribute |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:055-china-the-song-and-the-mongols.lesson:9`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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