--- title: A 2002 popular book claimed Zheng He's fleets reached America in 142… — China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages · tree and pragmatics description: A 2002 popular book claimed Zheng He's fleets reached America in 1421; historians reject this because there is no evidence in Chinese records, maps or archaeology. Who acts: 2002 popular book, fleets, historians, evidence. A sentence of the lesson «China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages» of the hist --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/56-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages/12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/56-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages/) / 12 # China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages, sentence 12 A 2002 popular book claimed Zheng He's fleets reached America in 1421; historians reject this because there is no evidence in Chinese records, maps or archaeology. **Who acts:** 2002 popular book, fleets, historians, evidence · **What happens:** claim, reach, reject, be · **To what, where:** America, 1421, this · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (2002 popular book, fleets, historians, evidence), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:056-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages.lesson:12 # text = A 2002 popular book claimed Zheng He's fleets reached America in 1421; historians reject this because there is no evidence in Chinese records, maps or archaeology. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 056-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 2 2002 2002 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 4 compound _ _ 3 popular popular ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _ 4 book book NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _ 5 claimed claim VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 6 Zheng Zheng PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 compound _ _ 7 He He PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 nmod:poss _ _ 8 's 's PART POS _ 7 case _ _ 9 fleets fleet NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 nsubj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=5:obj 10 reached reach VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 ccomp _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=9:acl|HaikuPos=VERB:VBN:Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 11 America America PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 obj _ _ 12 in in ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 13 1421 1421 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 10 obl _ _ 14 ; ; PUNCT : _ 16 punct _ _ 15 historians historian NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 nsubj _ _ 16 reject reject VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:conj 17 this this PRON DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 16 obj _ _ 18 because because SCONJ IN _ 20 mark _ _ 19 there there PRON EX PronType=Dem 20 expl _ _ 20 is be VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 16 advcl _ _ 21 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 22 det _ _ 22 evidence evidence NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 nsubj _ _ 23 in in ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 24 Chinese Chinese ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 25 amod _ _ 25 records record NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 nmod _ _ 26 , , PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ _ 27 maps map NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 conj _ _ 28 or or CCONJ CC _ 29 cc _ _ 29 archaeology archaeology NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 conj _ _ 30 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **claim** *speech: other* | past | a 2002 popular book | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **reach** | past | Zheng He's fleets | America | | 1421 | | | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent america=Theme | | 3 | **reject** | present | historians | this | | | | | vn reject-77.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent this=Theme | | 4 | **be** | present | no evidence in Chinese records and maps or archaeology | | | there | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:056-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages.lesson:12`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/56-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages/11/) - next →: [China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/56-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages/13/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/56-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages/)