--- title: After 1433 the voyages stopped: they were very expensive, court offi… — China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages · tree and pragmatics description: After 1433 the voyages stopped: they were very expensive, court officials opposed them, and the Ming focused on defending the north against the Mongols. Who acts: voyages, court officials, Ming. A sentence of the lesson «China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages» of the history course of Mova's primary --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/56-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages/14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/56-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages/) / 14 # China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages, sentence 14 After 1433 the voyages stopped: they were very expensive, court officials opposed them, and the Ming focused on defending the north against the Mongols. **Who acts:** voyages, court officials, Ming · **What happens:** stop, be, oppose, focus, defend · **To what, where:** voyages, north This is a sentence of the lesson «China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (voyages, court officials, Ming), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:056-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages.lesson:14 # text = After 1433 the voyages stopped: they were very expensive, court officials opposed them, and the Ming focused on defending the north against the Mongols. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 056-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 After after ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 1433 1433 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 5 obl _ _ 3 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 4 voyages voyage NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _ 5 stopped stop VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 6 : : PUNCT : _ 5 punct _ _ 7 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 nsubj _ _ 8 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 10 cop _ _ 9 very very ADV RB _ 10 advmod _ _ 10 expensive expensive ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 parataxis _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 12 court court NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 compound _ _ 13 officials official NOUN NNS Number=Plur 14 nsubj _ _ 14 opposed oppose VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 10 conj _ _ 15 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 14 obj _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 20 cc _ _ 18 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 19 det _ _ 19 Ming Ming PROPN NNP Number=Sing 20 nsubj _ _ 20 focused focus VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 10 conj _ _ 21 on on SCONJ IN _ 22 mark _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=22:mark|HaikuPos=ADP:IN:_ 22 defending defend VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 20 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=20:obl 23 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 24 det _ _ 24 north north NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 obj _ _ 25 against against ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 26 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 27 det _ _ 27 Mongols Mongol PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 22 obl _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=22:obl|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 28 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=10:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **stop** | past | the voyages | | | | after 1433 | | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | | 2 | **is** | past | voyages *= voyage* | | | | | expensive *property* | tree rules | | 3 | **oppose** | participle | court officials | voyages *= voyage* | | | | | vn amalgamate-22.2-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient | | 4 | **focus** | past | the Ming | | | | | | vn focus-87.1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **defend** | gerund | the Ming *not said here* | the north | | | | against the Mongols | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent north=Beneficiary against mongol=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:056-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages.lesson:14`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/56-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages/13/) - next →: [China: the Ming and Zheng He's voyages, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/56-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages/15/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/56-china-the-ming-and-zheng-he-s-voyages/)