--- title: The story that people first swapped goods and then invented money is… — Writing, laws and money: how strangers learned t… · tree and pragmatics description: The story that people first swapped goods and then invented money is contested: scholars have found few, if any, communities that lived by swapping alone, and neighbours more often lent, gave and remembered debts. Who acts: people, scholars, few communities, neighbours. A sentence of the lesson «Wri --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/63-writing-laws-and-money-how-strangers-learned-to-trust-each-other/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [Writing, laws and money: how strangers…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/63-writing-laws-and-money-how-strangers-learned-to-trust-each-other/) / 16 # Writing, laws and money: how strangers learned to trust each other, sentence 16 The story that people first swapped goods and then invented money is contested: scholars have found few, if any, communities that lived by swapping alone, and neighbours more often lent, gave and remembered debts. **Who acts:** people, scholars, few communities, neighbours · **What happens:** swap, invent, contest, find, live, lend · **To what, where:** story, money, few communities, debts This is a sentence of the lesson «Writing, laws and money: how strangers learned to trust each other» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, scholars, few communities, neighbours), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:063-writing-laws-and-money-how-strangers-learned-to-trust-each-other.lesson:16 # text = The story that people first swapped goods and then invented money is contested: scholars have found few, if any, communities that lived by swapping alone, and neighbours more often lent, gave and remembered debts. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 063-writing-laws-and-money-how-strangers-learned-to-trust-each-other.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 story story NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 nsubj _ _ 3 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 6 obj _ _ 4 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nsubj _ _ 5 first first ADV RB NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 6 advmod _ _ 6 swapped swap VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 2 acl:relcl _ _ 7 goods goods NOUN NNS Number=Ptan 6 obj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=6:nmod 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 10 cc _ _ 9 then then ADV RB PronType=Dem 10 advmod _ _ 10 invented invent VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 conj _ _ 11 money money NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obj _ _ 12 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 aux:pass _ _ 13 contested contest VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 14 : : PUNCT : _ 13 punct _ _ 15 scholars scholar NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 nsubj _ _ 16 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 17 aux _ _ 17 found find VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 13 parataxis _ _ 18 few few ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 23 amod _ _ 19 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 20 if if SCONJ IN _ 21 mark _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=23:mark 21 any any DET DT PronType=Ind 23 det _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 23 communities community NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 obj _ _ 24 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 25 nsubj _ _ 25 lived live VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 23 acl:relcl _ _ 26 by by SCONJ IN _ 27 mark _ _ 27 swapping swap VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 25 advcl _ _ 28 alone alone ADV RB _ 27 advmod _ _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 34 cc _ _ 31 neighbours neighbour NOUN NNS Number=Plur 34 nsubj _ _ 32 more more ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 33 advmod _ _ 33 often often ADV RB _ 34 advmod _ _ 34 lent lend VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 17 conj _ _ 35 , , PUNCT , _ 36 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=34:punct 36 gave give VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 34 conj _ _ 37 and and CCONJ CC _ 38 cc _ _ 38 remembered remember VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 34 conj _ Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=36:conj 39 debts debt NOUN NNS Number=Plur 38 obj _ _ 40 . . PUNCT . _ 13 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **swap** | past | people | the story | | | | first *property* | tree rules | | 2 | **invent** | past | people *not said here* | money | | | then | | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Result | | 3 | **contest** | present · passive | | the story | | | | | tree rules | | 4 | **find** | present · perfect | scholars | any few communities | | | | | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent community=Topic | | 5 | **live** | past | any few communities | | | | | | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 6 | **swap** | gerund | any few communities *not said here* | | | | | alone *property* | vn substitute-13.6.2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme | | 7 | **lend** | past | neighbours | | | | | often *property* | vn give-13.1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent | | 8 | **give** | past | neighbours *not said here* | | | | | | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient | | 9 | **remember** | past | neighbours *not said here* | debts | | | | | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent debt=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:063-writing-laws-and-money-how-strangers-learned-to-trust-each-other.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Writing, laws and money: how strangers…, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/63-writing-laws-and-money-how-strangers-learned-to-trust-each-other/14/) - next →: [Writing, laws and money: how strangers…, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/63-writing-laws-and-money-how-strangers-learned-to-trust-each-other/17/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/63-writing-laws-and-money-how-strangers-learned-to-trust-each-other/)