--- title: Many kings claimed God chose them; in China rulers spoke of the Mand… — Who decides: kings, councils, republics and demo… · tree and pragmatics description: Many kings claimed God chose them; in China rulers spoke of the Mandate of Heaven, which a bad ruler could lose, giving people a reason to replace him. Who acts: Many kings, God, China rulers, bad ruler. A sentence of the lesson «Who decides: kings, councils, republics and democracies» of the histor --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [Who decides: kings, councils, republic…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies/) / 10 # Who decides: kings, councils, republics and democracies, sentence 10 Many kings claimed God chose them; in China rulers spoke of the Mandate of Heaven, which a bad ruler could lose, giving people a reason to replace him. **Who acts:** Many kings, God, China rulers, bad ruler · **What happens:** claim, choose, speak, lose, give, replace · **To what, where:** ways, Mandate, reason, people, king · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Who decides: kings, councils, republics and democracies» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Many kings, God, China rulers, bad ruler), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:067-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies.lesson:10 # text = Many kings claimed God chose them; in China rulers spoke of the Mandate of Heaven, which a bad ruler could lose, giving people a reason to replace him. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 067-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod _ _ 2 kings king NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 3 claimed claim VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 God God PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _ 5 chose choose VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 ccomp _ _ 6 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 5 obj _ _ 7 ; ; PUNCT : _ 11 punct _ _ 8 in in ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 9 China China PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 compound _ _ 10 rulers ruler NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nsubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=11:obl 11 spoke speak VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:conj 12 of of ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 13 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 14 det _ _ 14 Mandate mandate PROPN NNP Number=Sing 11 obl _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=11:obl|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 15 of of ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 16 Heaven Heaven PROPN NNP Number=Sing 14 nmod _ _ 17 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 18 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 23 obj _ _ 19 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 20 bad bad ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ _ 21 ruler ruler NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 nsubj _ _ 22 could could AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 23 aux _ _ 23 lose lose VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 14 acl:relcl _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 25 giving give VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 23 advcl _ _ 26 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 iobj _ _ 27 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 28 det _ _ 28 reason reason NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 obj _ _ 29 to to PART TO _ 30 mark _ _ 30 replace replace VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 28 acl _ _ 31 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 obj _ _ 32 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed polarity=none | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **claim** *speech: other* | past | Many kings | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **choose** | past | God | ways *= way* | | | | | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme | | 3 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | China rulers | | | | | of the Mandate of Heaven | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **lose** | could | a bad ruler | the Mandate of Heaven | | | | | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Eventuality | | 5 | **give** | gerund | a bad ruler *not said here* | a reason | people | | | | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent people=Recipient reason=Theme | | 6 | **replace** | to-infinitive | a bad ruler *not said here* | king | | | | | vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme he=Co-Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:067-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Who decides: kings, councils, republic…, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies/9/) - next →: [Who decides: kings, councils, republic…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies/)