--- title: The idea that the accuser must prove the case comes from Roman law a… — Rules, courts, police, taxes and armies through… · tree and pragmatics description: The idea that the accuser must prove the case comes from Roman law and is in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights: innocent until proven guilty. Who acts: accuser, idea. A sentence of the lesson «Rules, courts, police, taxes and armies through time» of the history course of Mova's primary --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/68-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time/20/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [Rules, courts, police, taxes and armie…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/68-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time/) / 20 # Rules, courts, police, taxes and armies through time, sentence 20 The idea that the accuser must prove the case comes from Roman law and is in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights: innocent until proven guilty. **Who acts:** accuser, idea · **What happens:** prove, come, be · **To what, where:** case, Roman law, 1948 Universal Declaration This is a sentence of the lesson «Rules, courts, police, taxes and armies through time» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (accuser, idea), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:068-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time.lesson:20 # text = The idea that the accuser must prove the case comes from Roman law and is in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights: innocent until proven guilty. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 068-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 idea idea NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 nsubj _ _ 3 that that SCONJ IN _ 7 mark _ _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 5 accuser accuser NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _ 6 must must AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 7 aux _ _ 7 prove prove VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 2 acl _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 9 case case NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obj _ _ 10 comes come VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 11 from from ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 12 Roman roman ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=13:compound|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 13 law law NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obl _ _ 14 and and CCONJ CC _ 20 cc _ _ 15 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 20 cop _ _ 16 in in ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 17 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 18 1948 1948 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 20 nummod _ _ 19 Universal universal ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 20 amod _ _ 20 Declaration declaration PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=10:conj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 21 of of ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 22 Human human ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 23 amod _ _ 23 Rights Right PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 20 nmod _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=20:nmod|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 24 : : PUNCT : _ 25 punct _ _ 25 innocent innocent ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 20 conj _ _ 26 until until ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 27 proven prove VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 28 amod _ _ 28 guilty guilty ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 25 obl _ _ 29 . . PUNCT . _ 10 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed act=assert | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **prove** | must | the accuser | the case | | | | | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent case=Theme | | 2 | **come** | present | the idea | | | Roman law | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from law=Initial\_Location | | 3 | **is** | present | the idea *not said here* | | | the 1948 Universal Declaration | | of Human Rights | tree rules | | 4 | **be** | | the idea *not said here* | | | | until proven guilty | | tree rules | | 5 | **prove** | participle | | | | | | | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:068-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time.lesson:20`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Rules, courts, police, taxes and armie…, 19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/68-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time/19/) - next →: [Rights won step by step: freedom, vote…, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/69-rights-won-step-by-step-freedom-votes-and-children-s-rights/0/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/68-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time/)