---
title: In 1817 the economist David Ricardo explained that countries gain by… — Trade: why people swap, and the great trade routes · tree and pragmatics
description: In 1817 the economist David Ricardo explained that countries gain by doing what they do best and trading, like swapping spare stickers. Who acts: David, countries. A sentence of the lesson «Trade: why people swap, and the great trade routes» of the history course of Mova's primary school with its de
---

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# Trade: why people swap, and the great trade routes, sentence 22

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In 1817 the economist David Ricardo explained that countries gain by doing what they do best and trading, like swapping spare stickers.

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**Who acts:** David, countries · **What happens:** explain, gain, do, swap · **To what, where:** 1817, spare stickers · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Trade: why people swap, and the great trade routes» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (David, countries), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:070-trade-why-people-swap-and-the-great-trade-routes.lesson:22
# text = In 1817 the economist David Ricardo explained that countries gain by doing what they do best and trading, like swapping spare stickers.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 070-trade-why-people-swap-and-the-great-trade-routes.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	1817	1817	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	obl	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	economist	economist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
5	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	Ricardo	Ricardo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	flat	_	_
7	explained	explain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	gain	gain	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	_
11	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	doing	do	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	advcl	_	_
13	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	15	obj	_	_
14	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	do	do	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	ccomp	_	_
16	best	well	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	15	advmod	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	trading	trading	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
20	like	like	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
21	swapping	swap	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	15	advcl	_	_
22	spare	spare	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	stickers	sticker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obj	_	_
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **explain** *speech: assert* | past | David |  |  | 1817 |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **gain** | present | countries |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 3 | **do** | gerund | countries *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **do** | present | countries *= country* |  |  |  |  | well *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality |
| 5 | **swap** | gerund | countries *= country* *not said here* | spare stickers |  |  |  |  | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sticker=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:070-trade-why-people-swap-and-the-great-trade-routes.lesson:22`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- next →: [Trade: why people swap, and the great…, 23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/70-trade-why-people-swap-and-the-great-trade-routes/23/)
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