---
title: Fairtrade labels began in the late 1980s to promise farmers fairer p… — Trade: why people swap, and the great trade routes · tree and pragmatics
description: Fairtrade labels began in the late 1980s to promise farmers fairer prices; how much they help is debated. Who acts: Fairtrade labels, labels. A sentence of the lesson «Trade: why people swap, and the great trade routes» of the history course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the 
---

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# Trade: why people swap, and the great trade routes, sentence 25

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Fairtrade labels began in the late 1980s to promise farmers fairer prices; how much they help is debated.

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**Who acts:** Fairtrade labels, labels · **What happens:** begin, promise, help, debate · **To what, where:** late 1980s, fairer prices, farmers

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Trade: why people swap, and the great trade routes» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Fairtrade labels, labels), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:070-trade-why-people-swap-and-the-great-trade-routes.lesson:25
# text = Fairtrade labels began in the late 1980s to promise farmers fairer prices; how much they help is debated.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 070-trade-why-people-swap-and-the-great-trade-routes.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2
1	Fairtrade	Fairtrade	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	labels	label	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	1980s	1980s	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	promise	promise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:xcomp
10	farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	fairer	fair	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	12	amod	_	_
12	prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
13	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=3:punct
14	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	15	advmod	_	_
15	much	much	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	17	advmod	_	_
16	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	help	help	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	csubj:pass	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	debated	debate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:conj
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past | Fairtrade labels |  |  | the late 1980s |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 2 | **promise** *speech: promise* | to-infinitive | Fairtrade labels *not said here* | fairer prices | farmers |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.goal NP»: agent=Agent farmer=Goal price=Theme |
| 3 | **help** | present | labels *= label* |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **debate** | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V» |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:070-trade-why-people-swap-and-the-great-trade-routes.lesson:25`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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