--- title: An early flush toilet was designed in England in 1596 by John Haring… — Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers… · tree and pragmatics description: An early flush toilet was designed in England in 1596 by John Harington, but flush toilets became common in homes only in the 1800s and 1900s, and billions of people today still lack safe toilets. Who acts: John, flush toilets. A sentence of the lesson «Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewer --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/73-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [Cities: why they grow, and how water a…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/73-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe/) / 10 # Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers made them safe, sentence 10 An early flush toilet was designed in England in 1596 by John Harington, but flush toilets became common in homes only in the 1800s and 1900s, and billions of people today still lack safe toilets. **Who acts:** John, flush toilets · **What happens:** design, become, lack · **To what, where:** early flush toilet, England, safe toilets This is a sentence of the lesson «Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers made them safe» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (John, flush toilets), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:073-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe.lesson:10 # text = An early flush toilet was designed in England in 1596 by John Harington, but flush toilets became common in homes only in the 1800s and 1900s, and billions of people today still lack safe toilets. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 073-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1 1 An a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 2 early early ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _ 3 flush flush NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 compound _ _ 4 toilet toilet NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nsubj:pass _ _ 5 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 aux:pass _ _ 6 designed design VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 7 in in ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 England England PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 obl _ _ 9 in in ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 1596 1596 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 6 obl _ _ 11 by by ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 12 John John PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 obl:agent _ _ 13 Harington Harington PROPN NNP Number=Sing 12 flat _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=17:punct 15 but but CCONJ CC _ 17 cc _ _ 16 flush flush ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 amod _ _ 17 toilets toilet NOUN NNS Number=Plur 18 nsubj _ _ 18 became become VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 conj _ _ 19 common common ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 18 xcomp _ _ 20 in in ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 21 homes home NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 obl _ _ 22 only only ADV RB _ 25 advmod _ _ 23 in in ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 1800s 1800 NOUN NNS Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card 21 nmod _ _ 26 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ _ 27 1900s 1900 NOUN NNS Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card 25 conj _ _ 28 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 29 and and CCONJ CC _ 30 cc _ _ 30 billions billion NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 conj _ _ 31 of of ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 32 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 30 nmod _ _ 33 today today NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 obl:unmarked _ _ 34 still still ADV RB _ 35 advmod _ _ 35 lack lack VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 conj _ _ 36 safe safe ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 37 amod _ _ 37 toilets toilet NOUN NNS Number=Plur 35 obj _ _ 38 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **design** | past · passive | John | a early flush toilet | | England | | in 1596 | vn create-26.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Result | | 2 | **become** | past | flush toilets | | | | | common *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient | | 3 | **lack** | present | John *not said here* | safe toilets | | | still; today | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:073-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Cities: why they grow, and how water a…, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/73-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe/9/) - next →: [Cities: why they grow, and how water a…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/73-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/73-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe/)